# https://www.supportsages.com/ llms-full.txt ## Cloud Managed Services # We are Cloud Managed Service Provider with a Human touch Your infrastructure and your business deserve more than just automated solutions - they deserve a human touch. Our Industry certified Ops team is here around the clock, ensuring your cloud systems run smoothly, securely, and efficiently. Whether managing your servers or guiding you through complex challenges, we’re dedicated to delivering the support you need, whenever you need it. [More About Us](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider "") ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Fhero_cover.webp&w=1920&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Fhero_cover_dark.webp&w=1920&q=75) ## Your favorite tools, our expertise. From TechOps to CloudOps, we provide seamless support across the platforms and tools you rely on, ensuring smooth operations for your entire tech ecosystem. Whether it is Web Hosting Support, Managing Cloud Infra or writing IaC, we've got you covered. We ensure seamless integration & management of tools you trust, keeping your operations running smoothly. [**DevOps**](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service) [**FinOps**](https://www.supportsages.com/finops-as-a-service) [**Help Desk**](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support) ![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/amazon-web-services.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_gpc.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_azure.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_do.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/git.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/kubernets.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/docker.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/proxmox.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/Prometheus_software_logo.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/jenkins.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_oracle.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_acronis.svg) ![security](https://www.supportsages.com/home/security.svg) ## SecOps VAPT, Compliance as a Service, Security Automation and Orchestration, Managed SOC ## Cloud Solutions Backup and Disaster Recovery, App Modernisation, Cost Optimisation, Cloud Infrastructure Management ![cloud solution](https://www.supportsages.com/home/cloud_sol.svg) [**Migration Services** ![migrate](https://www.supportsages.com/home/migrate.svg)\\ We help move your data, Applications, Infrastructures, Workloads from on-premise to and fro the cloud.](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate) ## TechOps Web Hosting Support, Hire an Admin, Server Management, Server Monitoring, Hire a Team, cPanel Support & more - Its 24/7 since 2009. ![tech ops](https://www.supportsages.com/home/tech_ops.svg) [![helpdesk](https://www.supportsages.com/home/helpdesk.svg)**Helpdesk Support** \\ One size doesn't fit all. Our rates starts from $20/month.](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support) ## Quasi-Dedicated Support Team Our best selling plan for the Web Hosting Industry. Experience the reliability and effectiveness of a dedicated support team at a fraction of the cost. [**App Modernization** \\ Transform your legacy applications into modern, agile solutions that drive innovation and enhance user experience.\\ ![modernize](https://www.supportsages.com/home/modernize.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/modernize) ### AWS Advanced Tier Services Partner - Public Sector Partner - 35+ AWS Certified Team - Well Architected Review - DevOps Competency - Migration Planning and Execution - Security & Compliance ![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/Competencias-DevOps-01.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/Advanced%20Tier%20services.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/AWS%20WAR.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/Public%20sector.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/35+%20certified-01.svg) ![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/Advanced%20Tier%20services.svg) ### Why SupportSages? ###### Why we stand apart from the rest SupportSages started as a Cloud Managed Service Provider in the year 2009 and within a decade we served more than 1000 clients. With a strong clientele built over the last 15 years we diverged our expertise into DevOps, SecOps, Cloud Infrastructure Consultation and Management, App Modernisation, Project Management etc. Today we stand as one of the few full IT service companies in Kerala, India partnering with all major cloud Providers such as AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft, Digital Ocean, Oracle Cloud, Hetzner, OVHCloud, E2E and many more. While already being hailed as a process-oriented firm we acquired ISO 27001:2022 certification. Our industry best security practices, multiple redundancy and fail over systems and tools provide the desired conductive environment for the smooth execution of uninterrupted service delivery around the clock 365 days. ![ss ](https://www.supportsages.com/home/around_the_clock.svg) ### Around The Clock Whether it is TechOps, CloudOps, DevOps or SecOps services we offer 24/7 professional support around the clock with guaranteed response and resolution time. ![ss ](https://www.supportsages.com/home/dedicated_dm.svg) ### Dedicated Account Manager Your dedicated account manager is available for all your service related requirements and assures the best from your team. ![ss ](https://www.supportsages.com/home/scalable.svg) ### Scalable Plans You can design your own custom and scalable support plans as per your requirements and change your existing plans as you grow. ![ss ](https://www.supportsages.com/home/human_touch.svg) ### The Human Touch We listen, understand the requirements of each client and helps them within our capacity through omission of complex administrative procedures. ### 1050+ Clients Worldwide ### 15 Years in business ### ISO 27001:2022 Certified Services ### 50+ Certified Engineers ### Hear it from our clients ![John](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2Fbest-doc.png&w=256&q=75) ### FAYAZ BIN ABDU ###### CTO, BestDoc Technologies Throughout our five-year partnership, SupportSages has remained an integral part of our company. Their 24/7 support and commitment to promptly resolving issues have consistently exceeded our expectations. We've successfully completed multiple migrations across various cloud providers. Their expertise in managing K8s on various cloud platforms has helped us achieve optimized costs operations, and efficiency. ![John](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2Famrita.png&w=256&q=75) ### MANHAR DAS ###### Amrita As an AWS Well-Architected Review partner for us, SupportSages has truly been a life-changer for us. Engagement helped us achieve 70% reduction in our aws infra costs. With the detail analysis and recommendations provided through zero cost WAR exercise, Sages played an important role in maximizing efficiently, cost optimization and scalability! ![John](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2FZapareTechnologies.jpg&w=256&q=75) ### SHINE C WILSON ###### CTO, Zapare Technologies Implementing Infrastructure as Code (Terraform IaC) to deploy our workload has significantly enhanced deployment efficiency across multiple environments. The 24/7 on-call support offered in DOaaS has been a lifesaver on numerous occasions. ![John](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2Fostrum.png&w=256&q=75) ### ABHI CHACKO ###### Director, Ostrum Tech Limited We're incredibly thankful to SupportSages for always being there for us, working hard, and guiding us through tough times. Their 24/7 support is a lifesaver, helping us tackle big problems and keeping us on track for success. With their help, we know we can handle anything that comes our way. SupportSages is always a part of our organization's success. ## Our Versatile Expertise Preferred by small and medium-sized businesses across the globe, our expertise extends across a diverse range of industries, enabling us to deliver tailored solutions that meet unique business challenges. [View Casestudies](https://www.supportsages.com/casestudies/autoscaling-wordpress-website-in-aws) ![eCommerce](https://www.supportsages.com/home/in_ecommerce.svg) #### eCommerce ![EdTech](https://www.supportsages.com/home/in_edtech.svg) #### EdTech ![Retail](https://www.supportsages.com/home/in_shop.svg) #### Retail ![Aviation](https://www.supportsages.com/home/in_aviation.svg) #### Aviation ![Healthcare](https://www.supportsages.com/home/in_health.svg) #### Healthcare ![Government](https://www.supportsages.com/home/in_govt.svg) #### Government #### Our expert insights ## Latest Articles [![blog](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbanner_8_V1_e60c607b7c.jpg&w=3840&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-cost-anomaly-detection-a-python-approach-with-boto3) [AWS Cost Anomaly Detection: A Python Approach with Boto3](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-cost-anomaly-detection-a-python-approach-with-boto3) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-cost-anomaly-detection-a-python-approach-with-boto3 "Continue Reading") [![blog](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcheckov_poster_77967c4e29.png&w=3840&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/securing-infrastructure-as-code-ia-c-with-checkov) [Securing Infrastructure as Code (IaC) with Checkov](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/securing-infrastructure-as-code-ia-c-with-checkov) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/securing-infrastructure-as-code-ia-c-with-checkov "Continue Reading") [![blog](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbanner_5_v2_01_880b85bd94.jpg&w=3840&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ensuring-one-time-execution-of-deployment-tasks-in-multi-instance-environments-aws-code-pipeline) [Ensuring One-Time Execution of Deployment Tasks in Multi-Instance Environments AWS Code Pipeline](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ensuring-one-time-execution-of-deployment-tasks-in-multi-instance-environments-aws-code-pipeline) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ensuring-one-time-execution-of-deployment-tasks-in-multi-instance-environments-aws-code-pipeline "Continue Reading") [More Articles](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) #### Lets get connected [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_call.svg)+91 773 638 1410](tel:+917736381410) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_mail.svg)sales@supportsages.com](mailto:sales@supportsages.com) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_x.svg)/supportsages](https://www.instagram.com/support.sages) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_in.svg)/in/supportsages](https://in.linkedin.com/company/supportsages) ![Clutch](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Fclutch.png&w=384&q=75)![Trustpilot](https://www.supportsages.com/home/tp_widget.svg) Send Now #### Stay notified with our updates We wont spam you with offers and irritating marketing mails. Just curated articles on devops, cloud and everything that you love around them Subscribe ![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Faws_badge.png&w=256&q=75)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_gpc.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_azure.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_do.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Flogos_e2epng.png&w=256&q=75)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_oracle.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_acronis.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_ohv.svg) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/#) [iframe](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/anchor?ar=1&k=6LeyLnIqAAAAAHyGmGzMKxf8t9xJf0KRm9tBGWB5&co=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VwcG9ydHNhZ2VzLmNvbTo0NDM.&hl=en&v=hbAq-YhJxOnlU-7cpgBoAJHb&size=invisible&cb=rsro5ggk4doa) ## Infrastructure Optimization Services #### Optimize By implementing our strategic infrastructure optimization tactics, you can unlock the true potential of your IT environment. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) ![Optimize](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Foptimize%2FHero-Optimize.png&w=1920&q=75) # We Optimize the Pillars We'll help you streamline resource allocation and eliminate inefficiencies, leading to significant cost savings and improved performance. ![Cost](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/cost.svg) ## Cost Learn More ![Security](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/security.svg) ## Security Learn More ![Performance](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/performance.svg) ## Performance Learn More ![Network](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/network.svg) ## Network Learn More ## Cost Optimization Stop wasting money on unused resources in your cloud. We'll identify and eliminate idle VMs and databases, then resize your resources to perfectly match your workload. We'll also leverage discounts and automate cost controls to help you squeeze every penny out of your cloud investment. ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/cost.svg) ### Identify & Eliminate Waste - Analyze cloud usage patterns to pinpoint unused resources. - Terminate idle VMs and forgotten databases. - Rightsize resources to perfectly match your workload requirements. ### Optimize Resource Costs - Leverage reserved instances or committed use discounts for predictable workloads. - Choose the most cost-effective storage class based on data usage patterns. - Implement budget management tools for proactive cost control. ### Automate for Efficiency - Set spending limits and automate alerts to prevent overspending. - Leverage autoscaling to dynamically adjust resources based on real-time demand. - Continuously monitor costs and identify opportunities for further savings. ### Empower Informed Decisions - Gain comprehensive cost reports and insights into your cloud spending. - Make data-driven decisions to optimize your cloud budget allocation. - Track the ROI of your optimization efforts and measure cost savings. ### Network Efficiency Analysis - Evaluate network traffic patterns and identify bottlenecks. - Choose cost-effective data transfer options based on volume, frequency, and distance. - Optimize routing paths for minimized latency and maximized throughput. ## Security Optimization We take your cloud security seriously. Our experts will implement strict access controls, encrypt your data, and continuously monitor your environment for threats. We also offer advanced solutions like data loss prevention and penetration testing to keep your sensitive information safe. ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/security.svg) ### Data Encryption & Threat Protection - Encrypt data at rest and in transit with industry-standard protocols - Deploy intrusion prevention systems to shield against cyberattacks - Patch vulnerabilities promptly to minimize exposure to security threats. ### Access Control & Identity Management - Implement granular access controls with IAM to restrict unauthorized access. - Enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) for an extra layer of security. - Regularly review and update use permissions to maintain security hygiene. ### Continuous Monitoring & Threat Detection - Monitor your cloud environment 24/7 for suspicious activity. - Utilize security information and event management (SIEM) for real-time threat insights. - Respond swiftly to security incidents to minimize potential damage. ### Compliance & Regulatory Adherence - Maintain compliance with relevant industry regulations and data privacy laws. - Implement robust security controls to meet your specific compliance requirements. - Achieve peace of mind knowing your cloud environment is secure and compliant. ### Advanced Security Solutions - Implement Data Loss Prevention (DLP) to safeguard sensitive data. - Leverage Threat Intelligence to stay informed about the latest cybersecurity threats. - Conduct regular penetration testing and vulnerability scanning to proactively identify and address security weaknesses. ## Performance Optimization Tired of slow loading times? We can help! By dynamically adjusting resources, optimizing configurations, and utilizing content delivery networks, we'll ensure your cloud applications run smoothly and deliver a lightning-fast user experience. ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/performance.svg) ### Resource Optimization & Scaling - Achieve peace of mind knowing your cloud environment is secure and compliant. - Utilize autoscaling to automatically scale resources up or down as needed. - Implement serverless architectures for cost-effective and highly scalable applications. ### Application Monitoring & Logging - Capturing detailed logs that track application events, errors, and resource usage. - Proactively identifying slow queries, errors, and resource bottlenecks - Analyzing log data to identify trends, patterns, and anomalies that might indicate performance issues. ### Content Delivery & User Experience - Utilize content delivery networks (CDNs) to cache static content closer to users for faster loading times - Prioritize user experience by focusing on response time optimization. - Continuously monitor performance metrics and identify areas for improvement. ### Proactive Maintenance & Troubleshooting - Implement automated performance checks and health monitoring. - Identify and address performance issues before they impact users. - Maintain a proactive approach to ensure optimal cloud performance. ### Performance Benchmarking & Reporting - Establish performance baselines to track improvements over time. - Generate detailed performance reports for data-driven decision making. - Continuously strive to improve the overall responsiveness and efficiency of your cloud environment. ## Network Optimization Is your network a tangled mess? We'll analyze your network traffic, identify bottlenecks, and optimize routing paths to minimize latency and maximize data transfer speeds. Additionally, we can implement network automation and scalable solutions to ensure your network adapts to your growing needs. ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/network.svg) ### Network Assessment & Bottleneck Identification - Analyze your network configuration to identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies. - Evaluate network traffic patterns identify areas for improvement. - Gain a comprehensive understanding of your cloud network's performance. ### Routing Optimization & Latency Reduction - Optimize routing paths to minimize latency and maximize data transfer speed. - Choose the most appropriate network connections based on your specific needs. - Ensure efficient data flow throughout your cloud ### Cost-Effective Data Transfer - Analyze data transfer patterns and identify opportunities for cost savings. - Choose the most cost-effective data transfer options based on volume, frequency, and distance. - Leverage data compression techniques to reduce data transfer costs. ### Network Automation & Streamlined Management - Automate network tasks to eliminate manual errors and improve efficiency - Implement software-defined networking (SDN) for centralized control and management. - Simplify network operations and free up IT resources for other tasks. ### Scalability & Agility for Growth - Design your network for scalability to accommodate future growth. - Implement solutions like content delivery networks (CDNs) for global reach. - Easily scale your network up or down as your business needs evolve. ## Super Charge your Cloud Like a Pro with Supportsages Optimize, Scale, Shine! Hire a SupportTeam ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize/infra.svg) ## Optimization FAQ What are the benefits of cloud optimization? Cloud optimization improves performance, reduces costs, enhances security, boosts scalability, and increases agility. It ensures efficient resource usage, faster workloads, and better user experiences while supporting sustainability and simplifying management. How much can I save with Supportsages optimization services? The exact amount of savings depends on your current cloud setup and usage patterns. However, Supportsages has a proven track record of helping clients achieve significant cost reductions, even reducing 75% in savings. Is there a risk of sacrificing performance for cost savings? No. Supportsages optimizes for both! We find cost savings without compromising performance through rightsizing and strategic use of cost-effective options. How do I get started with Supportsages optimization services? Contact Supportsages today for a free consultation. Our cloud experts will assess your current cloud environment, understand your specific goals, and recommend a tailored optimization plan to maximize the value you get from your cloud investment. We'll work collaboratively to ensure a smooth and successful optimization journey. Is cloud optimization a one-time process? The cloud landscape is constantly evolving. New technologies emerge, and your business needs may change. Supportsages offers ongoing optimization services to ensure your cloud remains efficient and secure as your business grows. We provide regular assessments, implement adjustments based on evolving needs, and stay up-to-date on the latest optimization techniques. ### Looking to cut down on your cloud spend? Get a Free Consultation from our Sages! Talk to us ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/optimize#) ## Careers at SupportSages # Be a part of the Team Sages “The career of a sage is of two kinds: He is either honored by all in the world, Like a flower waving its head, Or else he disappears into the silent forest” - Lao Tzu [Current Openings](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#current-openings) ![Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/career/Hero-careers.svg) ## How We Hire ![How We Hire](https://www.supportsages.com/career/how-we-hire.svg) We believe in providing an exciting, challenging and rewarding environment for all staff. Primarily being in service industry, our people are the driving force behind our success. The best man for a job is not the one with the best capabilities but one with the greatest commitment. Never say die! You need to be competent, curious and self-driven to be working at SupportSages - the same high standards of hiring have been applied to every single person at our office. We're looking for smart people who can get things done. During your interview, we're going to look for a few qualities that we know will make you successful here. The best thing about working at SupportSages is having the satisfaction of doing something you love in a place where your coworkers feel exactly the same way. With us, you also have greater control of your earnings!! ## What we expect from you ![Tick](https://www.supportsages.com/tick.svg) Ability to handle English language as if it is your first language ![Tick](https://www.supportsages.com/tick.svg) Passion to excel in whatever you do / must be tech savvy ![Tick](https://www.supportsages.com/tick.svg) Flexible, takes complete ownership and is proactive in every aspect ![Tick](https://www.supportsages.com/tick.svg) Creative thinking and ability to 'think outside the box' are ESSENTIAL ![Tick](https://www.supportsages.com/tick.svg) Caring and no bossy attitude ![Tick](https://www.supportsages.com/tick.svg) One who dares to speak the truth ![Tick](https://www.supportsages.com/tick.svg) Willingness to share your knowledge with your colleagues ## How we Hire ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/1.svg) ### Submitting an Application When you have found your ideal position, you can apply at https:// www.supportsages.com/careers or you may also email our HR at careers@supportsages.com. ![Step logo](https://www.supportsages.com/career/submit.svg) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/2.svg) ### Review and Shortlisting Your CV will be reviewed and shortlisted based on relevant skills, educational background, and work experience (if required). We prefer applications with a covering letter. ![Step logo](https://www.supportsages.com/career/review.svg) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/3.svg) ### Written Test A written assessment may be conducted to evaluate your proficiency in the English language. This will be conducted in the office. ![Step logo](https://www.supportsages.com/career/interview.svg) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/4.svg) ### Technical Round A practical assessment where you will be assigned technical tasks to complete, followed by a discussion to review your approach, problem-solving methods, and the solutions you developed. This round focuses on assessing your technical proficiency and ability to apply your knowledge. ![Step logo](https://www.supportsages.com/career/application.svg) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/5.svg) ### HR Interview A discussion with the HR team to assess cultural alignment, communication skills, and to provide detailed information on compensation, benefits, training opportunities, and company policies. Upon successfully completing this stage, you will receive a follow-up email with key company policies that must be reviewed and acknowledged. ![Step logo](https://www.supportsages.com/career/final-interview.svg) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/6.svg) ### Pre-employment Checks Background verifications are conducted, including reference checks, previous employment history, educational credentials, and a review of your social media presence. ![Step logo](https://www.supportsages.com/career/emp-checks.svg) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/7.svg) ### Employment Offer Upon successfully completing all stages, you will receive a formal employment offer outlining the contract, job details, and compensation package. You will have to review and accept the offer, leading to the onboarding process. ![Step logo](https://www.supportsages.com/career/emp-offer.svg) ![hired](https://www.supportsages.com/career/Hired.svg) Note : The interview rounds and their order may vary slightly depending on the specific role being applied for. Some positions might require additional assessments or a different sequence of interviews to better evaluate the skills required for that role. [Business Development Associate](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate) Apply Now [DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/dev-ops-engineer) Apply Now [System Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer) Apply Now [Senior System Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer) Apply Now [Digital Marketing Strategist](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/digital-marketing-strategist) Apply Now ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/career/openings.svg) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#) ## Vulnerability Assessment Testing # Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) VAPT, short for Vulnerability Assessment And Penetration Testing, is a comprehensive Security Testing approach aimed at identifying and addressing Cyber Security vulnerabilities. By combining both Vulnerability Assessment And Penetration testing, VAPT provides a thorough analysis to strengthen your organisation's Cyber Security. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fhero_illustration_VAPT%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) #### Why do you need VAPT? The CyberSecurity landscape is continually evolving, with new threats and attack methods emerging rapidly. Cybercriminals are becoming increasingly skilled and resourceful, using more sophisticated tactics to exploit vulnerabilities and infiltrate organizations. #### Key Challenges for Cyber Leaders in Safeguarding Critical Assets and Data ![lightning](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fkey_challenges_lighting_01_bg%402x.png&w=640&q=75) Rising Sophistication and Frequency of Cyber Attacks ![lightning](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Ficn_challenges.png&w=640&q=75) Difficult to Identify Attack Surface ![lightning](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fkey_challenges_lighting_01_bg%402x.png&w=640&q=75) Falling victim to a data breach and Ransomware attack. ![lightning](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Ficn_challenges.png&w=640&q=75) Compliance Issues #### Enhance Your CyberSecurity with Support Sages: Proactive Protection through VAPT Don't wait for a disaster. Stay ahead of cyber threats with VAPT, a powerful combination of vulnerability assessment and penetration testing. VAPT identifies weaknesses before attackers can exploit them, preventing breaches and ensuring smooth operations. Gain complete security visibility, prioritize risks, and build a resilient defense. Invest in proactive protection with VAPT. ### Our Services ## Web App VAPT Web Application Penetration Testing is designed to detect Security Vulnerabilities in Web-based applications. ![web app](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fservices_webapp_VAPT.png&w=384&q=75) ## Server VAPT Checks the Security of Servers by thoroughly examining data and evaluating the effectiveness of security measures. ![service](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FServer_VAPT.png&w=384&q=75) ## Cloud VAPT Checks how secure a Cloud Server is by carefully examining data and evaluating the effectiveness of security measures. ![cloud](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FCloud_VAPT.png&w=384&q=75) #### Web App Penetration Testing (WAPT) Web Application VAPT is a security testing method used to find vulnerabilities in web applications and corporate websites. The consequences of web application vulnerabilities can be severe, including the theft of credit card information, reputational and financial damage to enterprises. ## Web Application Penetration Testing is designed to detect security vulnerabilities in web-based applications. WAPT evaluates the risks associated with third-party apps. The penetration test conducted under WAPT is performed using a combination of manual and tool-based testing procedures. ### Our Process of Web Application Penetration Testing ## Information Gathering ##### 01 ![i-g](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FWAPT_information_gathering%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Vulnerability Detection ##### 02 ![v-d](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FWAPT_vulnerability_detection%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Planning & Research ##### 03 ![p-r](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FWAPT_planning_research%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Penetration Testing ##### 04 ![p-t](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FWAPT_penetration_testing%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Reconnaissance ##### 05 ![r](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FWAPT_Reconnaissance%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Report and Analysis ##### 06 ![r-a](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FWAPT_report_analysis%402x.png&w=384&q=75) #### 3 Solid Reasons to choose our SecOps for WAPT! ###### 01 SupportSages SecOps offers unparalleled VAPT services, ensuring your organization receives the highest level of security and protection. ###### 02 We understand the relevance of Web Apps Security at a much deeper level and focus on improving your Web Security Testing spontaneously and adding advantages such as increased return on Investment. ###### 03 Using advanced pen-testing tools, our professionals effectively identify and eliminate far more vulnerabilities than basic methods. ![webapp](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fwebapp_VAPT%402x.png&w=750&q=75) #### Server Vulnerability Assessment And Penetration Testing (SVAPT) Server Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing is a method used to check the security of servers by thoroughly examining data and evaluating the effectiveness of security measures. This testing helps determine if the protection in place is strong enough. It's like checking the locks on a door to see if they're sturdy. ## Servers are like virtual nerve centers for companies, storing important information like source code, API keys, and more. If these servers aren't properly secured, it's like leaving the door wide open for hackers to walk in and access sensitive data. This can cause big problems for the company and its owners. So, it's crucial to regularly test and strengthen server security to avoid any potential breaches ### Our Cloud Server Penetration Testing Procedures ## Planning & Server Analysis ##### 01 ![P-S-A](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FSVAPT_planning_server_analysis%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Server Penetration Testing ##### 02 ![s-p-t](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FSVAPT_server_penetration_testing%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Report Submission ##### 03 ![p-r](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FSVAPT_report_submission%402x.png&w=384&q=75) #### Why Choose SupportSages' SecOps For Server VAPT? ###### 01 Test server response for Cyber readiness with accurate data and security practices. Simplify IT expenses with comprehensive online solutions, including top-notch Cyber Security. ###### 02 Trust our experienced IT team for project excellence and innovation. ###### 03 Boost eCommerce ROI with profitable web solutions, and Experience long-term support with our ongoing services and robust security measure. ![server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fserver_VAPT%402x.png&w=640&q=75) #### Cloud VAPT Cloud Server Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing is a way to check how secure a cloud server is by carefully examining data and evaluating the effectiveness of security measures. It's like double-checking the locks on a digital safe. Testing like this helps ensure that the protection in place is actually doing its job. ## Cloud servers are like digital headquarters for businesses, storing important information and running key operations. Using cloud-based services is a smart move for businesses because it makes managing everything much easier and more efficient. It's like having all your tools and resources right at your fingertips, no matter where you are in the world. ### Our Cloud Server Penetration Testing Procedures ## Threat Detection & Evaluation ##### 01 ![t-d-e](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fcloud_VAPT_threat_detection_evaluation%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Incident Response ##### 02 ![i-r](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fcloud_VAPT_incident_response%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Mitigation Strategies & Final Reporting ##### 03 ![p-r](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2FcloudVAPT_mitigation_strategies_final_reporting%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### 3 Solid Reasons to choose our SecOps for Cloud VAPT! ###### 01 Our expert Cloud Security Services, offers robust protection against cyber threats and ensures uninterrupted Business Operations. ###### 02 Our thorough assessment services, meticulously identifies vulnerabilities and implement robust protective measures. ###### 03 We ensure round-the-clock protection for your cloud environment. Our proactive approach and dedicated support team guarantee swift response to any security incidents, keeping your data safe. ![cloud](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fvapt%2Fcloud_VAPT%402x.png&w=3840&q=75) # All your Questions Answered What are the benefits of giving VAPT to an expert team like SupportSages? Outsourcing VAPT to SupportSages provides several advantages: - **Expertise:** Leverage the skills of certified professionals experienced in advanced VAPT tools and techniques. - **Comprehensive Assessment:** Ensure thorough identification of vulnerabilities across your systems. - **Cost-Effectiveness:** Avoid the expense of building and maintaining an in-house security team. - **Actionable Insights:** Receive detailed reports with prioritized recommendations to address vulnerabilities. - **Compliance Support:** Meet industry-specific regulatory requirements such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS. When is VAPT needed for cloud infrastructure security? VAPT is essential in the following scenarios: - **Pre-Deployment:** Before launching a new application or service in the cloud. - **Post-Migration:** After migrating to the cloud to identify potential vulnerabilities in the new environment. - **Regulatory Compliance:** To meet security requirements mandated by laws or industry standards. - **Incident Response:** After a security breach or attempted attack to assess potential weak points. - **Periodic Maintenance:** As part of a regular security posture assessment to stay ahead of emerging threats. How does SupportSages conduct a comprehensive VAPT process? SupportSages follows a structured VAPT process: - **Planning and Scoping:** Define the objectives, systems, and scope of the testing. - **Reconnaissance:** Gather information about the target environment. - **Vulnerability Assessment:** Use automated tools and manual techniques to identify vulnerabilities. - **Penetration Testing:** Simulate real-world attacks to exploit identified vulnerabilities. - **Analysis and Reporting:** Provide detailed findings with risk levels and remediation steps. - **Remediation Support:** Assist in addressing vulnerabilities and retesting to ensure they are resolved. How often should VAPT be conducted? - **At Least Annually:** A minimum of one comprehensive VAPT per year is recommended. - **After Significant Changes:** Conduct VAPT after major updates, deployments, or infrastructure changes. - **Regular Intervals:** High-risk environments may require quarterly or even monthly testing. - **Upon New Threats:** Perform VAPT when new vulnerabilities or threats specific to your systems are identified. ## Take proactive steps to secure your Business. ## Book a FREE call with our Compliance Experts to help you! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/vapt#) ## CloudOps Management Solutions # Streamline your CloudOps with SupportSages A Managed Service Model designed to empower your business with the essential tools and expert guidance needed to effortlessly oversee your cloud infrastructure. Our comprehensive solution offers a seamless experience, allowing you to focus on what truly matters: Driving your Business Forward! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) ![Manage](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2F0_hero_illustration_manage_v1.png&w=1920&q=75) #### What can we do for you! ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2F1_whatwedo_infra_mgmt.png&w=384&q=75) ## Infrastructure Management Provisioning and scaling cloud resources, configuration management, patching and updates. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2F2_whatwedo_disaster_recovery_backup.png&w=384&q=75) ## Disaster Recovery and Backup Our Disaster Recovery and Backup services safeguard your data and systems against unexpected disruptions. We ensure secure backups and rapid recovery, minimizing downtime and ensuring business continuity. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2F3_whatwedo_security_services.png&w=384&q=75) ## Security Services Security monitoring, vulnerability scanning, incident response, access control management. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2F4_whatwedo_app_performance_monitoring.png&w=384&q=75) ## Application Performance Monitoring Provisioning and scaling cloud resources, configuration management, patching and updates. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2F5_whatwedo_cloud_cost_mgmt.png&w=384&q=75) ## Cloud Cost Management Optimizing cloud resource usage, identifying cost- saving opportunities, providing cost reports. #### Our Approach ## Designing, Planning & Implementation ![Designing](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fapproach_design_plan_implement.png&w=384&q=75) ## Monitoring & Event Management ![Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fapproach_monitoring.png&w=384&q=75) ## Optimisation ![Optimisation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fapproach_optimization.png&w=384&q=75) ## Automation ![automation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fapproach_automation.png&w=384&q=75) #### Benefits of CloudOps as a Serice ![faster](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fbenefits_increased_agility.png&w=256&q=75) ### Increase Agility & Scalability Enables automated provisioning and scaling of resources, allowing you to adapt quickly to changing business demands. ![reduced overhead](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fbenefits_reduced_overhead.png&w=256&q=75) ### Reduced Operational Overhead Handle routine tasks like infrastructure management, patching, and monitoring, freeing your internal IT resources for strategic initiatives. ![improved security compliance](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fbenefits_improved_security_compliance.png&w=256&q=75) ### Improved Security & Compliance Built-in security features and compliance expertise to help you maintain a secure cloud environment. ![cut cost](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fbenefits_optimized_cost.png&w=256&q=75) ### Optimized Cloud Costs Help you identify and eliminate resource inefficiencies, leading to lower cloud bills. ![More Scalable 3D](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanage%2Fbenefits_enhanced_performance.png&w=256&q=75) ### Enhanced Application Performance Optimize your cloud infrastructure for performance, ensuring your applications run smoothly and efficiently. ### Plan Features Infrastructure provisioning & management (VMs, Storage) Cloud Cost Monitoring Basic security configuration 24/7 Uptime Monitoring Status Reports Backup Configuration 24/7 CloudOps Engineer Support Cost Optimization Total Admin Hours Response Time Disaster Recovery Planning & Testing Advanced Security Configuration Advanced Logging and Auditing Dedicated CloudOps Engineer for Support Advanced Security Monitoring & Threat Detection Performance Optimization Reviews Advanced Disaster Recovery Solutions Comprehensive Monitoring and Logging Custom SLAs (Service Level Agreements) Training and Workshops Priority support Infrastructure provisioning & management (VMs, Storage) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Cloud Cost Monitoring ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Basic security configuration ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) 24/7 Uptime Monitoring ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Status Reports ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Backup Configuration ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) 24/7 CloudOps Engineer Support ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Cost Optimization ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Total Admin Hours 15 Hrs 30 Hrs 75 Hrs Response Time 3-15 Mins 3-15 Mins 3-15 Mins Disaster Recovery Planning & Testing ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Advanced Security Configuration ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Advanced Logging and Auditing ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Dedicated CloudOps Engineer for Support ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Advanced Security Monitoring & Threat Detection ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Performance Optimization Reviews ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Advanced Disaster Recovery Solutions ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Comprehensive Monitoring and Logging ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Custom SLAs (Service Level Agreements) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Training and Workshops ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Priority support ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/manage/icn_yes.svg) Order Now! Order Now! Order Now! Order Now! Order Now! Order Now! ## All your Questions Answered What is cloud management, and why do I need Supportsages for it? Cloud management involves overseeing and optimizing cloud resources, including servers, storage, and applications, to ensure efficiency, security, and cost-effectiveness. Supportsages offers tailored cloud management solutions designed to meet your unique needs, allowing you to focus on core business objectives without worrying about infrastructure complexities How Does Supportsages Differ from Other Cloud Management Providers? Supportsages stands out due to its tailored approach to cloud management, offering solutions that fit businesses of all sizes. - 1\. **Shared Model for Cost-Effectiveness** Unless you're a big enterprise, you may not require 24/7 dedicated support. Supportsages operates on a shared model, making it highly cost-effective without compromising on quality. - 2\. **Flexible Support Options** For businesses with specific and large requirements, we offer **dedicated CloudOps teams** that provide 100% focused support and management for your cloud infrastructure. - 3\. **Expertise Across Platforms** Supportsages manages multiple cloud platforms, including AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud, ensuring seamless operations tailored to your needs. - 4\. **Proactive Monitoring** Our 24/7 monitoring prevents potential issues, ensuring high availability and performance at all times, even in a shared model. Supportsages combines affordability, flexibility, and expertise, making it the ideal partner for businesses looking for efficient cloud management without the overhead of enterprise-level costs. How can Supportsages help with cost optimization for my cloud environment? Supportsages specializes in cost optimization strategies for cloud environments. We conduct thorough assessments of your cloud usage, identify areas of inefficiency or overspending, and implement optimization techniques such as rightsizing, reserved instances, and auto-scaling. Our goal is to help you achieve significant cost savings without compromising performance Is my data secure with Supportsages cloud management service? Yes, your data is highly secure with SupportSages' cloud management services. We have achieved ISO 27001:2022 certification, a globally recognized standard for information security management, ensuring that robust measures are in place to protect your data. Additionally, we strictly adhere to GDPR compliance, prioritizing transparency, privacy, and security in handling personal information. It's important to note that we do not save any kind of user data, further reinforcing our commitment to safeguarding your privacy. You can trust us to deliver secure and reliable cloud management services. How does your company ensure GDPR compliance while working with a European development company? As an Indian company working with a European development company, we comply with GDPR by implementing key measures such as: - 1\. **Data Processing Agreements** to define roles and responsibilities. - 2\. Ensuring **lawful data processing** based on consent or contracts. - 3\. **Securing cross-border data transfers** through Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs). - 4\. **Upholding data subject rights** like access, rectification, and erasure. - 5\. Employing **robust security measures** such as encryption and incident management. By aligning our practices with GDPR requirements, we ensure lawful and secure data handling for EU citizens. ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/manage#) ## SupportSages at CloudFest # Team SupportSages ## are at ## CloudFest, Germany! Let's catch up at these venues! ### Liquid Cooling in the Data Center 12 PM CET 2025-03-18 .Com Ballroom (Ballsaal Berlin) ### Scaling AI: How Data Center are Evolving to Meet Tomorrow's Demand 4:35 PM - 4:55 PM CET 2025-03-18 .Com Ballroom (Ballsaal Berlin) ### State of the Global Cloud Market Report 2:30 to 3:00 PM CET 2025-03-18 .Com Ballroom (Ballsaal Berlin) ←→ Previous ![Abhilash with delegates at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_with_delegates%40cloudfest_04.png&w=640&q=75) ![Leadership at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fmeet_our_cxos%40cloudfest%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ![Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fsoumya%40cloudfest_03.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash and Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_soumya%40cloudfest_01.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi%40cloudfest_02.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash with delegates at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_with_delegates%40cloudfest_04.png&w=640&q=75) ![Leadership at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fmeet_our_cxos%40cloudfest%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ![Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fsoumya%40cloudfest_03.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash and Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_soumya%40cloudfest_01.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi%40cloudfest_02.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash with delegates at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_with_delegates%40cloudfest_04.png&w=640&q=75) Next - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 Our Leadership team at CloudFest, Germany # Team SupportSages ## are at ## CloudFest, Germany! Previous ![Abhilash with delegates at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_with_delegates%40cloudfest_04.png&w=640&q=75) ![Leadership at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fmeet_our_cxos%40cloudfest%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ![Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fsoumya%40cloudfest_03.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash and Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_soumya%40cloudfest_01.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi%40cloudfest_02.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash with delegates at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_with_delegates%40cloudfest_04.png&w=640&q=75) ![Leadership at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fmeet_our_cxos%40cloudfest%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ![Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fsoumya%40cloudfest_03.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash and Soumya at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_soumya%40cloudfest_01.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi%40cloudfest_02.png&w=640&q=75) ![Abhilash with delegates at CloudFest](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fabhi_with_delegates%40cloudfest_04.png&w=640&q=75) Next - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 Our Leadership team at CloudFest, Germany Let's catch up at these venues! ### Liquid Cooling in the Data Center 12 PM CET 2025-03-18 .Com Ballroom (Ballsaal Berlin) ### Scaling AI: How Data Center are Evolving to Meet Tomorrow's Demand 4:35 PM - 4:55 PM CET 2025-03-18 .Com Ballroom (Ballsaal Berlin) ### State of the Global Cloud Market Report 2:30 to 3:00 PM CET 2025-03-18 .Com Ballroom (Ballsaal Berlin) ←→ ### Are you a Web Hosting company looking for Tech Support? We have some superb offers for you! [Grab THE OFFER !!](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support) ![img](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fweb_hosting_support%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### We can ease your burden of DevOps overhead! Here are our 4 DAAS service packages to get you ahead! [Explore more...](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service) ![img](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fdevops_support%402x.png&w=640&q=75) AWS Casestudy ## How SupportSages helped a \*Private Deemed University in India, save US $3,500/month on hosting charges! The University's website, with an average of 1,000 concurrent users, and exponentially growing that number to 10,000+ during admission and exam results time, required horizontal scaling to prevent downtime and slow loading times. The main challenges faced during scaling were managing media files, optimising the database, ensuring smooth code deployment, and keeping the FinOps best practices in tact. [Read More...](https://www.supportsages.com/casestudies/autoscaling-wordpress-website-in-aws) ![AWS Case Study](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fevents%2Fcasestudy_cover%404x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Past Events ![Word Camp Asia](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_ss_team_wordcampasia2025_91ebc74da2.JPG&w=640&q=75) ### Word Camp Asia The ultimate gathering for WordPress enthusiasts in Asia. 2025-02-20 ![MSP Global 2024](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F2_MSP_Global_spain_2x_c1bf5158a2.JPG&w=640&q=75) ### MSP Global 2024 #1 festival for the digital transformation industry. 2024-10-07 ![Gitex Global](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F3_ss_leadership_team_gitex_dubai_3ddc38fa9b.JPG&w=640&q=75) ### Gitex Global The biggest Tech & Startup show on the planet. 2024-10-14 ## Book a FREE Introductory Call with Us! Talk to our CTO (Abhilash)Talk to our CEO (Soumya) Select a Date & Time - Calendly [powered by\\ \\ Calendly](https://calendly.com/?utm_campaign=sign_up&utm_medium=badge&utm_source=invitee) Abhilash P # 30 Minute Meeting 30 min SupportSages Consultancy Services Pvt Ltd is a Managed Cloud Service Provider. We are an AWS Advanced Tier Consulting Partner with DevOps competency certification. If you are looking for a reliable partner to optimize your cloud infrastructure and ensure seamless operations with 24/7 always available DevOps and CloudOps services, feel free to reach out. I am the CTO @ SupportSages. Let's connect and explore how we can help your business thrive in the cloud Cookie settings ## Select a Date & Time April 2025 April is now displayed | Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 30 | 31 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Time zone UTC Time (4:19am) reCAPTCHA Recaptcha requires verification. 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/events#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/events#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/events#) ## Cloud Certifications Overview #### Industry leading Cloud Certifications from SupportSages At SupportSages, we are committed to delivering best-in-class cloud solutions to our clients. Our team is comprised of certified experts who hold the highest industry credentials from leading cloud service providers. These certifications validate our proficiency in the most advanced cloud technologies, ensuring that we can guide your business through seamless cloud transformations with the highest level of expertise. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fillustration_certifications_ss%402x.png&w=1200&q=75) #### Why Cloud Certifications Matter! In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, cloud technologies are at the core of business innovation. To stay ahead, it is crucial to partner with a team that not only understands the complexities of the cloud but has also demonstrated their knowledge and skills through recognized industry certifications. These certifications confirm that we are equipped with the latest insights, tools, and best practices to optimize your cloud strategy and infrastructure. # Cloud Service Provider Certifications We hold a wide range of certifications from the top cloud providers, ensuring our team is always up-to-date with the most cutting-edge technologies. Our certifications include, but are not limited to: [![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2F1_aws_certification%402x.png&w=384&q=75)\\ \\ **Amazon AWS Certification**](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#aws) [![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2F2_microsoft_azure_certification%402x.png&w=384&q=75)\\ \\ **Microsoft Azure Certification**](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#azure) [![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2F3_google_certitication%402x.png&w=384&q=75)\\ \\ **Google Cloud Certification**](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#google) [![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2F4_CNCF_Certification%402x.png&w=384&q=75)\\ \\ **CNCF Cloud Certification**](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#cncf) # Amazon Web Services (AWS) Certification As one of the leading cloud platforms, AWS is trusted by enterprises worldwide for its scale, security, and innovation. Our team is certified in a variety of AWS roles, including: ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Faws_solutions_architect_professional%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Professional Deep expertise in designing, deploying and optimizing complex cloud infrastructures. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Faws_devops_engineer%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### AWS Certified DevOps Engineer - Professional Specialized knowledge in continuous delivery, automation and infrastructure as code. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Faws_security_specialty%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### AWS Certified Solutions Security Specialty Expertise in implementing advanced security controls to protect data and applications in AWS. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Faws_cloud_practitioner%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### AWS Certified Cloud Prcatitioner A foundational understanding of AWS cloud services and their application in real-world environments. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Faws_certification_%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) # Microsoft Azure Certifications With Azure rapidly gaining momentum in the enterprise space, we have built a team of certified professionals who specialize in Microsoft’s cloud ecosystem. Key certifications include:: ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fazure_solutions_architect_expert%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Microsoft Certified: Azure Solutions Architect Expert Proven ability to design and implement Azure solutions, including compute, network, and storage. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fazure_administrator_associate%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Microsoft Certified: Azure Administrator Associate Advanced skills in managing and implementing Azure solutions and services. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fazure_security_engineer%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Microsoft Certified: Azure Security Engineer Associate Expertise in securing Azure environments through effective governance and security practices. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fazure_fundamentals%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Microsoft Certified: Azure Fundamentals Foundational knowledge of Azure services, tools, and concepts. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2FMicrosoft_certification%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) # Google Cloud Certifications Google Cloud’s robust services offer advanced capabilities in machine learning, big data, and computing. Our team holds a range of Google Cloud certifications, including: ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fgoogle_cloud_architect%402x.png&w=384&q=75) #### Google Cloud Certified - Professional Cloud Architect Expertise in designing, developing, and managing scalable and secure cloud architecture on Google Cloud. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fgoogle_cloud_engineer%402x.png&w=384&q=75) #### Google Cloud Certified - Professional Cloud Security Engineer In-depth knowledge of security practices and solutions to safeguard data and infrastructure on Google Cloud. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fgoogle_associate_cloud_engineer%402x.png&w=384&q=75) #### Google Cloud Certified - Associate Cloud Engineer Skills in deploying and managing applications on Google Cloud with a focus on technical operations. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2F3_google_certifications%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) # CNCF Cloud Certifications These certifications reflect a strong understanding of Kubernetes and cloud-native principles, tailored to specific roles in cloud and Kubernetes environments. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fkubernetes_CKA%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Demonstrates practical knowledge and skills in deploying, managing, and troubleshooting Kubernetes clusters, showcasing the holder's competency as a Kubernetes administrator. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fkubernetes_CKAD%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Certified Kubernetes Application Developer (CKAD) Validates the ability to design, build, and deploy cloud-native applications using Kubernetes, proving the holder's skills as a Kubernetes developer. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fkubernetes_CKS%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) Confirms proficiency in securing Kubernetes environments, highlighting the holder’s skills in Kubernetes-specific security practices and threat mitigation. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fkubernetes_KCNA%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Kubernetes and Cloud Native Associate (KCNA) This entry-level certification introduces cloud-native concepts, verifying that the holder understands foundational cloud-native technologies and Kubernetes basics. ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2F4_CNCF_cloud_certifications%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) ## Other Cloud Certifications In addition to the big three providers (AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud) and CNCF, we also hold certifications from a range of other industry leaders, including: ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2FOCI_architect%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Architect Associate Specialization in designing secure, scalable, and cost-effective solutions on Oracle Cloud. #### Benefits of Our Cloud Certifications When you partner with SupportSages, you gain access to a team of certified cloud experts who can: ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fleverage_best_practices%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Leverage Best Practices We follow the latest industry best practices, ensuring optimal cloud performance, security, and scalability. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Faccelerate_cloud_adoption%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Accelerate Your Cloud Adoption Our certifications ensure quick and efficient implementation of cloud solutions tailored to your specific business needs. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fmitigate_risk%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Mitigate Risk With deep expertise in cloud security, we minimize risks by implementing robust protection measures and compliance strategies ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fdrive_innovation%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Drive Innovation Our certified experts stay ahead of the curve, continuously learning and integrating the latest cloud technologies to keep your business competitive ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcertifications%2Fss_team_certification%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) ### Our Commitment to Continuous Learning We understand that the cloud space is continuously evolving, which is why we invest in ongoing learning and development for our team. Certifications are just the beginning - our professionals are always exploring new cloud technologies, attending industry conferences, and participating in specialized training programs to ensure we are at the forefront of the cloud transformation journey. ### Interested? ### Get in touch with us! Ready to elevate your business with certified cloud expertise? Contact us today to learn how our team can help you leverage cloud technology to drive growth, streamline operations, and enhance security. YOUR NAME \* YOUR DESIGNATION \* OFFICIAL EMAIL ID \* REQUEST A CONSULTATIONCLEAR ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications#) [iframe](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/anchor?ar=1&k=6LeyLnIqAAAAAHyGmGzMKxf8t9xJf0KRm9tBGWB5&co=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VwcG9ydHNhZ2VzLmNvbTo0NDM.&hl=en&v=hbAq-YhJxOnlU-7cpgBoAJHb&size=invisible&cb=o9x640tm88t7) ## DevSecOps Services #### Empower Your Development with our DevSecOps Services With DevOps, Development is faster than ever. To keep pace, We must also scale Security. This is achieved by empowering Developers and guiding them to secure their applications across the entire Software Supply Chain. We call this approach 'Code 2 Cloud'. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/devsecops#) ![hero-image](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fhero_illustration_devsecops%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) # Why do you need DevSecOps? #### 11.5x Faster Organization with mature DevSecOps recitfy flaws 11.5x times faster than those without. #### 100:10:1 Resource Ratio Very disappointing ratio of Developer to DevOps to Security Professionals in companies worldwide. #### 47% Ignore DevSecOps While 93% of companies have implemented DevOps, 47% haven’t implemented DevSecOps. #### 75% Held Responsible 75% of the CEO's will be held personally liable for Security Incidents by 2024. #### 57% Security Incidents 57% of organizations suffered security incidents related to exposed secrets in DevOps. #### $4 Mn+ Cost of Data Breach According to IBM's most recent report, the average cost of a data breach reached an all-time high in 2023 at US$ 4.45 Million. #### $1.5 Mn Expenses Reduced Organizations with high DevSecOps adoption saved over $1.5 million compared to organizations with little to no adoption #### 6 Pillars of our DevSecOps Services ![Responsibility](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fresponsibility%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Responsibility Everyone is responsible for Security. A culture of Collaboration and Value Contribution with necessary feedback loops is the best solution to address Security in balance and in context. ![Continuous Learning](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fcontinuous_learning%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Continuous Learning Team Members must share their expertise and also seek to automate Development and Operational Security tasks whenever possible. ![Cost of Remediation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fpillars_3_cost_of_remediation%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Cost of Remediation A vulnerability that isn’t detected in the earlier phases of Development is going to be much harder and more expensive to fix. ![Automation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fautomation%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Automation Shift Left - Find and fix vulnerabilities earlier in the Development process. Shift Right - Protect Application and the Production Infra. ![Zero Trust](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fzero_trust%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Zero Trust Zero trust has a huge impact in phases of DevSecOps like Identity Verification, Micro Segmentation, Audit Trails. ![Measurements](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fmeasurements%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Measurements Continuously monitor the effectiveness of your DevSecOps practices. Track Metrics, identify areas for improvement, and take action to address any shortcomings. #### What’s included in our DevSecOps pipeline ![sast](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2FSAST%402x.png&w=828&q=75) ### SAST (Static Application Security Testing) We go beyond the surface, meticulously analyzing your source code before application runtime. This proactive approach uncovers insecure coding practices, potential code injection flaws (like SQL injection and XSS), and configuration issues that could expose vulnerabilities. ![dast](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2FDAST%402x.png&w=828&q=75) ### DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing) We simulate real-world attacks on your running application, just like hackers might. This helps us discover vulnerabilities SAST might miss, including those that could allow attackers to steal data, inject malicious scripts, or gain unauthorized access. ### Beyond SAST & DAST ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2FCD_pipeline_security%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## CI/CD Pipeline Security We ensure your CI/CD pipeline itself is secure, preventing vulnerabilities from being introduced during the Automation Process. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fsecure_development_training_workshops%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Secure Development Training & Workshops Empower your Development teams with the knowledge and skills to write secure code from the beginning. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fincident%20_response_security_monitoring%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Incident Response & Security Monitoring We help you prepare for and respond to Security incidents effectively, minimising damage and downtime. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fcontainerization_orchestration_security%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Containerization & Orchestration Security Our customized solutions, tailored strategies and tools to specific risks and operational requirements ensure optimal protection and efficiency to your Organization. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fsecurity_testing_assessment%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Security Testing & Assessment In addition to SAST & DAST, We offer a comprehensive suite of Security Testing tools to identify and address a wide range of vulnerabilities. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fsecurity_compliance_governance%402x.png%20&w=384&q=75) ## Security Compliance & Governance We help you meet industry Security Standards and Regulations with confidence, Ensuring a Compliant Development Process. #### Support Sages' DevSecOps Approach ###### 01 #### Continuous Security Integration Ensure security is integrated into every stage of your development process. Supportsages provides Continuous Security Integration, seamlessly embedding security checks into your CI/CD pipelines. This proactive approach identifies and addresses vulnerabilities early in the development lifecycle. ###### 02 #### Automated Vulnerability Scan Leverage cutting-edge technologies to scan your codebase, dependencies, and infrastructure for potential security threats. Supportsages offers automated vulnerability scanning to identify and remediate security issues, providing a robust defense against evolving threats. ###### 03 #### Compliance & Regulatory Support Navigate the complexities of industry regulations and standards with Supportsages. Our DevSecOps services include guidance on compliance, helping you implement the necessary controls and processes to meet regulatory requirements and industry standards. ###### 04 #### Incident Response and Forensics Be prepared for security incidents with Supportsages' incident response and forensics services. Our experts help you develop and test incident response plans, ensuring a swift and effective response to security events. Post- incident, we conduct thorough forensics to understand and learn from the incident. ###### 05 #### Container and Cloud Security Extend your security practices to containerized applications and cloud environments. Supportsages specializes in securing Docker and Kubernetes environments, implementing container security measures, and providing Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) services for secure cloud infrastructure. ## How do you benefit from our Services ## Robust Security Posture ![Robust Security Posture](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fbenefits_1_robust_security_posture%402X.png&w=384&q=75) ## Early Detection and Remediation ![Early Detection and Remediation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fbenefits_2_early_detection_remediation%402X.png&w=384&q=75) ## Compliance Assurance ![Compliance Assurance](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fbenefits_3_compliance_assurance%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Proactive Incident Response ![Proactive Incident Response](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fbenefits_4_proactive_incident_response%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Strategic Risk Mitigation ![Strategic Risk Mitigation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fbenefits_5_strategic_risk_mitigation%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Customer Trust and Reputation ![Customer Trust and Reputation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevsecops%2Fbenefits_6_customer_trust_reputation%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## All your Questions Answered Can you help organisations in achieving any compliance standards? Yes, we can analyse security findings, remediate issues, and implement best practices to help organizations meet compliance standards like SOC 2, GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI-DSS Can you do periodic security scanning of our application (web and mobile)? Yes, we can regularly scan websites using various security tools, either through automated scanning or manual assessments by our Blue Team. We also fix any server or infrastructure-related issues to ensure continuous protection. Will you be able to automatically notify us of any critical security events Yes, we can configure security alerts based on your organization's requirements using SIEM tools like ManageEngine Log360, Splunk, and IBM QRadar. We also utilize cloud security services from public cloud providers and third-party monitoring tools to ensure timely notifications. Can SupportSages secure containerized applications and cloud environments? Yes, SupportSages specializes in securing containerized applications and cloud environments. We follow the security best practices when building the docker images and containers. Also we use image scanning as well as runtime scanning to detect any vulnerabilities before it could affect your system. Additionally, we provide Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) services to secure your cloud infrastructure. ## Have a custom Requirement? ## Share your needs, and let’s make it happen! 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[Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog#) ## Cloud Migration Services # Migrate Embrace the excellence of our Cloud migration, where we embark on a journey with you, conducting a thorough assessment & formulating right migration strategies. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) ![migrate](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/migrate.svg) #### What We Do Our DevOps as a Service (DaaS) is your key to unlocking a new era of productivity and innovation. Discover how our comprehensive service can transform your organization's approach to DevOps. ![24/7](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/cloud-evaluation.svg) ## Cloud Evaluation Assess and analyze your readiness for cloud adoption. ![24/7](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/infra-dev.svg) ## Infrastructure Development Execute the construction and transformation of your cloud setup. ![24/7](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/management.svg) ## 24/7 Management and Support Server monitoring, troubleshooting, software updates, daily backups. ![24/7](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/financial-planning.svg) ## Financial Planning Develop a comprehensive strategy for cost management. #### The six R's of migration Our services follow the well-known "six R's of migration," which assures uninterrupted cloud transfer. ![1](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/1.svg) ## Rehosting Efficiently move your existing stack from on-premises to the cloud, maintaining your environment's core structure. Ideal for Organizations with a conservative culture or those seeking a quick ROI without extensive modifications. ![1](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/2.svg) ## Replatforming Elevate your migration with additional adjustments, optimizing your landscape for enhanced cloud performance. Ideal for Conservative organizations aiming to build trust in the cloud while achieving system optimization. ![1](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/3.svg) ## Repurchasing Transferring data and apps to a ready-made, cloud-native offering is the process of replacing. The procedure comprises moving to a third- party Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platform from an existing legacy application. ![1](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/4.svg) ## Refactoring Rebuild applications from the ground up to leverage advanced cloud capabilities and ensure future compatibility. Ideal for Businesses driven by a need for features like cloud auto-scaling or serverless computing, willing to invest in a future-ready solution ![1](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/5.svg) ## Retiring Identify and deactivate applications no longer serving your needs after a comprehensive cloud readiness assessment. Ideal for Streamlining operations, achieving cost savings, and enhancing the business case for other applications ready for migration. ![1](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/6.svg) ## Retaining Postpone cloud adoption for specific applications based on current business priorities or compliance constraints. Ideal for Organizations not yet prepared for cloud migration, allowing for future consideration without compromising current operations. SupportSages Highlights #### 100+ Migrations Completed #### 20+ Certified Cloud Architects #### 99% Uptime Guarantee During Migration #### 30% Reduced Costs #### 24/7 Migration Support ![aws](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Famazon-web-services-2.png&w=384&q=75)![g-c](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/google-cloud-1.svg)![azure](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Fazure-2.png&w=384&q=75)![digi-ocean](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Fdigitalocean-icon-1.png&w=384&q=75)![e2e-networks](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate/e2e-networks.svg) #### Importance of Cloud Migrations ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Fapps.png&w=384&q=75) Application Modernization for Transformation ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Fpiggy-bank.png&w=384&q=75) Cost Benefits Beyond Comparison ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Fcritical-thinking.png&w=384&q=75) Liberate Your Team for Critical Tasks ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Ftalking.png&w=384&q=75) Meet Customer Expectations Globally ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Fagile.png&w=384&q=75) Empower Scalability for Business Agility ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmigrate%2Fscalability.png&w=384&q=75) Flexibility for Business Pivots ## Our Proven Steps for Migration STEP 1 ### Exploration & Evaluation Embark on a journey through your ecosystem. We meticulously analyze your existing infrastructure, applications, and aspirations, crafting a tailored cloud strategy to suit your unique needs. STEP 2 ### Strategic Planning & Budget Mastery Chart your course for the cloud. From assessment to launch, we meticulously plan each step, aligning with your objectives. Our budget management ensures optimal resource utilization, trimming unnecessary costs. STEP 3 ### Migration Execution Witness your cloud architecture come alive. We execute secure workload migrations, minimizing downtime and shielding you from disruptions during the process. STEP 4 ### Rigorous Migration Testing & Flawless Launch Prioritize perfection through comprehensive migration testing. Only when everything aligns seamlessly, you're ready to unveil your polished, new cloud setup to the world. STEP 5 ### Ongoing Post-Migration Excellence Migration is complete, but our commitment endures. Our unwavering support guarantees your cloud's optimal performance, from cost-efficiency to unparalleled security. ## Migration? What when, how and why? Why should you migrate to the cloud? What are the advantages of cloud migration? Cloud migration offers a range of benefits that can transform how your business operates. Here’s a breakdown: - 1\. Elasticity - Scale resources up or down quickly based on business needs. - 2\. Enhanced Security - Cloud providers offer advanced security measures, protecting your data and providing peace of mind. - 3\. Cost Savings - Reduce costs by eliminating the need for expensive on-premises hardware, software licenses, and maintenance. - 4\. Business Continuity - Cloud infrastructure includes built-in redundancy and disaster recovery features to ensure smooth operations during disruptions. - 5\. Improved Collaboration - Teams can access data and applications from anywhere with an internet connection, enabling seamless collaboration. These advantages make cloud migration a strategic move for businesses aiming for flexibility, efficiency, and resilience. How long does a typical cloud migration with SupportSages take? The timeframe depends on the complexity of your IT environment, data volume, and chosen strategy. With SupportSages extensive experience and technical expertise, we ensure a seamless and efficient process. Simpler migrations can be completed in weeks, while larger projects may take months. Our team will assess your needs and provide a realistic timeline tailored to your specific situation. Ready to begin your cloud migration journey? Contact our team for any needs, and we'll provide a tailored solution just for you! How do you ensure security during migration? Security is our top priority. We follow industry best practices and utilize secure data transfer protocols throughout the migration process. Our certified cloud architects build and configure your cloud environment with robust security measures, including encryption, access controls, and firewalls. Continuous monitoring ensures your data and applications remain protected throughout the migration journey. This built-in approach ensures end-to-end security at every stage. Will my business Face Downtime During Migration with SupportSages? We strive for minimal disruption. Our team leverages proven techniques and migration tools to minimize downtime for your applications. In some cases, depending on complexity, brief periods of downtime may be necessary. However, SupportSages will work closely with you to schedule downtime strategically to minimize impact on your operations. Do you offer post migration support? Our commitment goes beyond the initial migration. SupportSages offers ongoing support plans to keep your cloud environment optimized, secure, and performing at its best. This can include proactive monitoring, performance management, and ongoing security updates to ensure your cloud journey remains successful. ### Our cloud migration strategy is your pathway to efficiency, innovation, and sustained growth Start your migration journey with us today! Talk to an Expert ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/migrate#) ## Contact SupportSages # Contact Us - Your Cloud Journey Starts Here YOUR NAME \* ORGANISATION NAME \* OFFICIAL EMAIL ID \* DESCRIBE YOUR REQUIREMENT SUBMIT ## Tailored Solutions, Personalized Support Are you struggling to manage your cloud infrastructure efficiently? Let us handle the complexities while you focus on what matters most: growing your business. Contact SupportSages for a **Free Consultation** on your TechOps, CloudOps, DevOps and SecOps requirements. ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcontact-us%2Fss_teamcontactus%402x.png&w=828&q=75) ### Our Offices ## SupportSages Services Pvt. Ltd. Near Lulu Mall, Edappally Toll, Kochi, Kerala - 682 024, India +91-7736381410 (SALES) +91-8089703567 (HR) ![Map 1](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcontact-us%2Fss_india_office%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) ## SupportSages (Sales Office) 16533, Summery Street, Manor, Texas - 78653, United States of America ![Map 2](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcontact-us%2Fss_us_office%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) ## SupportSages (Sales Office) 82A, James Carter Road, Mildenhall, Suffolk IP28 7DE, United Kingdom ![Map 3](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcontact-us%2Fss_uk_office%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages#) [iframe](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/anchor?ar=1&k=6LeyLnIqAAAAAHyGmGzMKxf8t9xJf0KRm9tBGWB5&co=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VwcG9ydHNhZ2VzLmNvbTo0NDM.&hl=en&v=hbAq-YhJxOnlU-7cpgBoAJHb&size=invisible&cb=r8b3iotd0008) ## Security Consultation Services # Optimize your Business with Expert Security Consultation In today's dynamic digital landscape, our professional security consultation services help optimize your business by strengthening defenses and identifying vulnerabilities. We ensure you stay ahead of potential risks with proactive threat management. Trust our expertise to protect your assets and enhance your business performance. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) ![Security Consultation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fsecurity_consult_hero_illustrtation%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) #### Why do you Security Consultation? Security consultation involves enlisting the expertise of seasoned professionals to assess, plan, and implement comprehensive security solutions tailored to the specific needs and challenges of your organization. It encompasses a wide array of services, ranging from risk assessments and security audits to policy development and incident response planning. ## Our Services ## Architecture ## Review Ensure your Organization's Security measures are robust and effective. ![architecture review](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fourservices_arch_review%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Server Hardening ## as a Service A comprehensive and proactive approach to fortifying the security of servers. ![Server Hardening](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fourservices_server_hardening%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Bug Bounty ## Management Coordinating programs where ethical hackers are rewarded for finding and reporting security vulnerabilities ![Bug Bounty](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fourservices_bug_bounty_mgmt%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ![Architecture review](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Farchitecture_review%402x.png&w=750&q=75) ### Architecture Review An Architecture Review in SecOps context is to do a comprehensive assessment of an organization's Security Architecture and Infrastructure to identify potential vulnerabilities, weaknesses, and areas of improvement. It involves scrutinizing various components of the Security Architecture, including Network Infrastructure, Software Applications, Data Storage Systems, Access Controls, and Compliance mechanisms. ## The primary objective of an architecture review is to ensure that the organization's security measures are robust, effective, and aligned with industry best practices and regulatory requirements. ## Our Methodology of Architecture Review ## Threat Modelling ![Threat Modelling](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fthreat_modelling%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Security Architecure Frameworks ![Security Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fsecurity_architecure_frameworks%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Security Control Assessments ![Security Control](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fsecurity_control%20_assessments%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Continuous Monitoring and Improvement ![Continuos Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fcontinuous_monitoring_improvement%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Compliance Audits ![Security Control](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fcompliance_audits%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ### Server Hardening as a Service Server Hardening is a comprehensive and proactive approach to fortifying the security of servers within an organization's infrastructure. It involves the meticulous implementation of a series of security measures and configurations designed to minimize vulnerabilities and mitigate potential threats. ## Server Hardening aims to create a robust defense posture that enhances the resilience of the infrastructure against a wide range of cyber threats, including malware, hacking attempts, and unauthorized access. ![Server Hardenening](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fserver_hardening_Service%402x.png&w=750&q=75) ## Our Approach to Server Hardening ## Baseline Configuration Assessment ![Baseline Configuration](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fbaseline_configuration_assessment%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Vulnerability Management ![Vulnerability Management](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fvulnerability_mgmt%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Access Control and Authentication ![Access Control](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Faccess_control_authentication%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Continuous Monitoring and Compliance ![Continuos Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fcontinuous_monitoring_compliance%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Network Security Configuration ![Network Security](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fnetwork_security_config%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ![Bug boundy](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fbug_bounty_mgmnt%402x.png&w=750&q=75) ### Bug Bounty Management Bug Bounty Management involves creating and managing a program that incentivizes ethical hackers, security researchers, and the broader community to identify and responsibly disclose security vulnerabilities in your systems. ## By offering rewards for valid bug reports, organizations can harness the collective expertise of security professionals to identify and remediate vulnerabilities before they can be exploited by malicious actors. ## Our Approach to Bug Bounty Management ## Program Design and Implementation ![Progran Design](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2FProgram%20design_Implementation%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Community Engagement ![Community Engagement](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fcommunity_engagement.png&w=256&q=75) ## Vulnerability Triage and Validation ![Vulnerability Triage and Validation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fvulnerability_triage_validation%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Remediation and Patch Management ![Remediation and Patch Management](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fremediation_patch_mgmt%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Continuous Improvement ![Continuous Improvement](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsecurity-consultation%2Fcontinuous_improvement%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## All your Questions Answered What is Security Consultation, and why is it essential for my organization? Security consultation involves working with experienced security professionals to assess, plan, and implement robust security measures tailored to your organization's needs. It helps identify potential risks and vulnerabilities, develop strategies to mitigate them, and ensure compliance with relevant regulations and standards. Security consultation is crucial for enhancing your overall security posture, protecting sensitive data, and safeguarding against cyber threats How does Bug Bounty Management enhance our security strategy? Bug Bounty Management programs incentivize ethical hackers to identify and report vulnerabilities in your systems, applications, and infrastructure. By leveraging the collective expertise of security researchers worldwide, Bug Bounty Management helps identify and remediate vulnerabilities before they can be exploited maliciously. It fosters a proactive security approach, encourages collaboration with the security community, and helps organizations stay one step ahead of cyber threats. What role does Architecture Review play in securing our IT environment? Architecture Review involves analyzing the design and structure of your IT environment to identify security weaknesses and ensure alignment with security best practices. It assesses factors such as network architecture, data flow, access controls, and encryption methods to identify potential risks and recommend mitigation strategies. Architecture Review is essential for identifying and addressing security gaps, ensuring a resilient and secure IT infrastructure, and minimizing the risk of data breaches and cyber attacks. How does Server Hardening contribute to improving our overall security posture? Server Hardening involves implementing security measures to reduce vulnerabilities and enhance the security of your servers and network infrastructure. This includes tasks such as disabling unnecessary services, applying security patches regularly, configuring access controls, and implementing encryption protocols. Server Hardening helps protect against unauthorized access, data breaches, and other cyber threats by minimizing the attack surface and strengthening security defenses. What sets your SecOps services apart, and how can they benefit our organization? Our SecOps services are distinguished by our team's extensive experience, proactive approach to security, and commitment to delivering tailored solutions that address your specific security challenges. We offer comprehensive security consultation services, including Bug Bounty Management, Architecture Review, and Server Hardening, designed to enhance your overall security posture and protect your organization from evolving cyber threats. By partnering with us, you can benefit from personalized security strategies, expert guidance, and proactive support to safeguard your organization's assets and reputation. ## Take proactive steps to secure your Business. ## Book a FREE call with our Compliance Experts! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/security-consultation#) ## Server Monitoring Services # Ensuring Seamless Operations with Cost-Effective Server Monitoring Uninterrupted service delivery can only be assured through constant monitoring of services and servers. System monitoring and administration is a critical aspect to the successful operations of most businesses and with an in-house team, costs involved in this process is high and that's where low cost manual monitoring comes into picture. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) ![hero illustration hire an admin](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-monitoring%2Fhero_illustration_monitoring%402x.png&w=1200&q=75) ## 24/7 Reactive and Proactive Server Monitoring Our server monitoring services offer two options: Reactive and Proactive Monitoring. With Reactive Monitoring, we quickly respond to any issues, minimizing downtime. Proactive Monitoring goes further, detecting potential problems before they affect your servers. Our specialized WAST team provides 24/7 manual monitoring, ensuring expert oversight beyond automated tools. Get reliable, cost-effective monitoring that keeps your business running smoothly. ## Reactive Monitoring We quickly respond to any issues, minimising the Downtime. ![reactive](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-monitoring%2Freactive_monitoring_small%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Proactive Monitoring We detect potential problems before they affect your servers. ![proactive](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-monitoring%2Fproactive_monitoring_small%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Reactive Monitoring Under reactive monitoring, we monitor below services and fix it / sms / alert the DC as per your requirements. Our monitoring team monitors these services at a fixed interval (2-15 minutes) using our monitoring platforms. One hour of SysAdmin tasks which can be utilized for troubleshooting any service related issues is included in this service. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Network Connectivity - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Email Services - SMTP, POP & IMAP - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Server Disk Space - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Database Services - MySQL, MSSQL - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Server CPU Usage - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Server Memory Usage - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Web Services - HTTP & FTP - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) DNS Services ### Server Monitoring - Reactive (1) ### US $15 / Month ![soldier](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-monitoring%2Freactive_monitoring%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## With SupportSages, you're not just buying a service; you're gaining a reliable partner committed to your success. Talk to our Experts to help you choose the right Server Monitoring Plan. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-monitoring%2Fexpert_server_monitoring%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Proactive Monitoring Proactive Monitoring does include all the checks we do in reactive monitoring and in addition to that, we take extra measures so that we can fix the issues even before they cause performance issues to the server and ultimately your business. Pro-active monitoring plan includes 5 SysAdmin hours as well (a US $100 value). - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Disk usage checks on all partitions - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Mail Queue checks - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) RAID checks - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server Security package (included) - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Web Services - HTTP & FTP - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Console access - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Email Services - SMTP, POP & IMAP - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Periodic vulnerability scanning - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Number of users logged in - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Processes checks - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Network traffic usage check - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server CPU Usage - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Exploits scanning and Reporting - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server Memory Usage - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) DNS Services - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) DOS alert checks (every 5 minutes) - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Control Panel checks - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Database Services - MySQL, MSSQL, Postgres (DB and Web service connectivity) ### Server Monitoring - Proactive(1) ### US $49.95 / Month ![soldier](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-monitoring%2Fproactive_monitoring%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## All your Questions Answered What makes SupportSages the best server monitoring services company? SupportSages is your trusted partner for server monitoring, offering 24/7 real-time tracking, proactive issue resolution, and expert support. With advanced tools and custom tailored solutions, we ensure your servers remain secure, reliable, and efficient. Why is server monitoring important? Servers are vital for network functions, security, and data storage. A compromised or crashed server can risk sensitive data and harm productivity. Monitoring helps ensure security, maintenance, and smooth operations. Server monitoring can help administrators track: - • Accessibility - • CPU and memory usage - • Performance - • Low storage capacity - • Processes - • Security How does server monitoring simplify server management? Server monitoring streamlines server management by offering real-time insights into performance, tracking key metrics like CPU, memory, and network activity. With automated alerts and reports, it helps prevent downtime, optimize performance, enhance security, and ensure efficient resource use. Without server monitoring, server management is incomplete, as it lacks the visibility and control needed to maintain optimal operations. How does server monitoring help prevent downtime? Server monitoring helps prevent downtime by proactively identifying issues such as resource bottlenecks, hardware failures, or abnormal traffic patterns, allowing us to resolve them before they affect your system. How Does Server monitoring work Server monitoring collects and analyses server data, aggregating logs for centralized insights, ideal for managing multiple servers and devices. Here are some aspects of server monitoring - • Track specific resources: Monitor overall usage and specific metrics like database or web service performance. - • Monitor changes to server configurations: Detect changes to server settings to identify potential security threats early. - • Work with aggregated logs: Collect and analyse logs from multiple servers for centralized insights. - • Set up alerts: Receive instant anomaly alerts via email or tools like Slack or PagerDuty for quick action. ## Have a custom Requirement? ## Share your needs, and let’s make it happen! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring#) ## Privacy Policy Overview # Privacy Policy SupportSages is committed to protecting your privacy. This Privacy Policy explains how we collect, use, disclose, and safeguard your information when you visit the Site. Please read this policy carefully to understand our practices regarding your personal information. ## 1\. Information We Collect - Personal Information:Such as your name, email address, phone number, and other information you provide directly to us. - Usage Data: Information automatically collected when you use our Site, including IP addresses, browser type, pages visited, time spent on pages, and other diagnostic data. - Cookies and Tracking Technologies:We use cookies, web beacons, and similar tracking technologies to collect and store information about your interactions with our Site. ## 2\. How We Use Your Information - Providing, operating, and maintaining our Site. - Improving, personalizing, and expanding our Site. - Communicating with you, including for customer service, employment, updates, and marketing purposes. - Analyzing usage and trends to improve our Site. - Protecting our Site and detecting and preventing fraud and other illegal activities. ## 3\. Sharing Your Information - Service Providers: We may share your information with third-party vendors who perform services on our behalf, such as website hosting, data analysis, and customer service. - Legal Requirements: We may disclose your information if required by law or in response to valid legal processes, such as subpoenas or court orders. - Business Transfers: In the event of a merger, acquisition, or sale of our assets, your information may be transferred to the new owner. ## 4\. Security of Your Information We use reasonable security measures to protect your information from unauthorized access, alteration, disclosure, or destruction. However, no internet-based service can be 100% secure, and we cannot guarantee the absolute security of your information. ## 5\. Your Privacy Rights Depending on your location, you may have certain rights regarding your personal information. This may include the right to access, correct, delete, or restrict our use of your data. To exercise these rights, please contact us at [hr@supportsages.com](mailto:hr@supportsages.com). ## 6\. Cookies and Tracking Technologies Our Site uses cookies to improve your experience. You can adjust your browser settings to refuse cookies; however, this may affect your experience on our Site. ## 7\. Third-Party Links Our Site may contain links to third-party websites. We are not responsible for the privacy practices or content of these external sites, and we encourage you to read the privacy policies of any site you visit. ## 8\. Changes to This Privacy Policy We may update our Privacy Policy from time to time. We will notify you of any changes by posting the new policy on this page. Please review this page periodically for updates. ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy#) ## HelpDesk Support Solutions # Reliable and Efficient HelpDesk Support from SupportSages In a high-speed world, dependable support fue's business. Imagine disruptions vanished, replaced by proactive solutions and empowered teams. That's the power of reliable and efficient support - a launchpad for growth, not a brake on progress. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2F0_illustration_helpdesk%402x.png&w=1200&q=75) ## 4 Broader Support Plans, Covering all your needs! With SupportSages' wider range of Support Plans, you'll enjoy reduced downtime, enhanced productivity, and the confidence that your support needs are in capable hands. Invest in one of our tailored support plans and transform your support challenges into opportunities for growth. [**Ticket Based Support Plan**\\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2F1_ticket_based%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) [**Server Based Support Plan**\\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2F2_server_based%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#server-based) [**Quasi-Dedicated Support Plan**\\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2Fquasi_dedicated_support%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) [**Dedicated Support Plan**\\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2Fdedicated_support.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) ### Ticket based Support Plan Level up your Server Management with SupportSages! We've got a budget-friendly plan for small businesses, handling Level 1 to Level 3 admin tasks. Enjoy top-notch HelpDesk Support and a personalised client service experience with our white-label services. Count on SupportSages as your dedicated support partner for a pro touch! ### Best Suited for! \> Budget hosting companies with populated Servers. \> Consistently evolving and expanding companies. \> Companies with a Server Admin availability, still lacks a Support team. VIEW PLANS... ![ticket based](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2Fsection_ticket_based_plan%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) ### Includes ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 24x7 Support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) L1/ L2 Support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Unlimited Number of tickets Pre-Sales support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 30 Mins guaranteed response time ### Excludes - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_negatives.svg) L3 Support is not available. ### Server based Support Plan For those with a limited number of servers, our Server based support plan is ideal. Tailored for small businesses and startups, it offers cost-effective HelpDesk Management, Covering Level 1 to Level 3 server tasks. With white-label support, we act as your support team. Your clients won’t know it’s SupportSages. All responses carry your company’s greetings and Signature. ### Best Suited for! \> Small and Startup Hosting companies with predictable number of HelpDesk Support tickets. \> Companies with stable servers and having less tickets. \> Hosting companies that require HelpDesk Support for specific time (Night, Weekends etc.) or Expertise Level (Only L3, L2, L1 etc.) VIEW PLANS... ![server based](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2Fsection_serverbased_plan%402x.png&w=750&q=75) ### Includes ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) 24x7 Support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) L1/ L2 Support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Presales Support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Unlimited Number of tickets Pre-Sales support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) 30 Mins guaranteed response time ### Excludes - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_negatives.svg) No Server Administration or Server Monitoring - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_negatives.svg) L3 Support is available based on the plan ### Quasi-Dedicated Support Plan Unleash the true potential of your Web Hosting business with our meticulously crafted quasi-dedicated support plan. Our team of passionate and experienced professionals will seamlessly integrate into your existing infrastructure, providing comprehensive Server Management and HelpDesk support. Experience the personalised attention and responsiveness of dedicated support without the hassle of traditional hiring. Contact us today and discover SupportSages difference. ### Best Suited for! \> Suited for startups and growing hosting businesses that require reliable support without the high costs associated with dedicated plans. \> Ideal for businesses with a moderate client base looking for cost effective support solutions. VIEW PLANS... ![quasi dedicated](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2Fsection_quasi_dedicated_plan%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) ### Includes ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Cost Effective - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Live Chat Support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Unlimited Servers Supported - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Guaranteed Response Time ### Excludes - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_negatives.svg) Limited Ticket Allocation - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_negatives.svg) Higher Response Time ### Dedicated Support Plan In the dynamic world of business, success hinges on delivering exceptional customer experiences. At SupportSages, we understand this fundamental truth and are committed to providing unparalleled web hosting support that empowers your business to thrive. Our team of dedicated sages, meticulously selected and rigorously trained embodies a culture of excellence, ensuring that your stakeholders receive the best possible support. ### Best Suited for! \> Suited for businesses with a variety of hosting requirements, such as Shared, Reseller, VPS, Cloud, and Dedicated Hosting. \> Ideal for companies with complex hosting infrastructures, and diverse client needs. VIEW PLANS... ![dedicated](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhelpdesk%2Fsection_dedicated_plan%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) ### Includes ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Comprehensive Support - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Industry-Certified Engineers - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Advanced Resolution Time - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Robust Disaster Recovery - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Flexible Team Setup ### Excludes - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_negatives.svg) High Cost - ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_negatives.svg) Setup Time ## Have a custom Requirement? ## Share your needs, and let’s make it happen! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support) ## All your Questions Answered Why should my web hosting company outsource helpdesk support? Outsourcing helpdesk support to a trusted provider like SupportSages ensures your web hosting company delivers 24/7 customer service with expert technical assistance. By partnering with SupportSages, you can reduce operational costs, scale support as your business grows, and focus on core services. Our specialized team handles customer queries efficiently, improving response times and satisfaction. Additionally, SupportSages offers advanced tools and multilingual support, making it easier to manage a global client base while maintaining high service standards. What sets SupportSages Helpdesk support apart from others? SupportSages’ helpdesk support delivers reliable and efficient services designed for hosting providers. - • 24/7 Support: Our team is available around the clock to ensure uninterrupted services and prompt issue resolution. - • Weekly Review Meetings: Regular reviews to evaluate performance and address client feedback for continuous improvement. - • Collaborative Team Interaction: Seamless communication between teams to provide efficient and cohesive support. - • Anytime Escalation: Issues can be escalated at any time for faster and more effective resolution. - • ISO 27001 Certification: Certified processes that ensure data security and adherence to industry standards. - • Extensive Expertise Pool: A highly skilled team with diverse expertise to handle a wide range of technical challenges effectively. How does your SLA work? At SupportSages, our Service Level Agreement (SLA) ensures clear and reliable support to meet your service expectations. Key features of our SLA include: - • SLA Varies by Plan: SLA terms, including response and resolution times, differ for each support plan. - • Guaranteed Resolution: Technical issues are resolved within a guaranteed timeframe based on the support plan. - • Immediate Action: Issues are acknowledged and troubleshooting begins immediately upon ticket creation. - • Escalation Matrix: - ◦ Provides a structured process for escalating unresolved or any service level issues. - ◦ Clearly defines roles and responsibilities at each escalation stage to maintain accountability. - ◦ Ensures timely acknowledgment, immediate troubleshooting upon ticket creation, and efficient resolution. - • Defined Support Scope: Transparent communication channels and technical support details. What kind of server related issues can helpdesk support assist with? Our Helpdesk support teams are adept at handling a wide range of server-related challenges to ensure efficient and secure operations. Here are some key areas we address: - • System Performance Concerns: Identifying and addressing issues like high CPU usage, memory leaks, or slow server responses to optimize performance. - • Application Errors and Software Conflicts: Diagnosing and resolving compatibility issues, application crashes, or software misconfigurations. - • Troubleshooting Downtime or Unresponsiveness: Investigating and resolving causes of server outages or inaccessibility to restore functionality. - • Configuration Challenges: Assistance with setting up or modifying server configurations, permissions, and network settings for smooth operations. Our Helpdesk support is not limited to resolving these issues alone. They can also provide guidance and customized solutions based on unique requirements, offering ongoing support that evolves with your business needs. X ### Ticket based Support Plan Per Ticket support Plan as its name suggests charges only for the tickets we worked on your helpdesks, like WHMCS, Kayako, Zendesk etc. You can purchase and use the tickets according to the required expertise and demand. #### Per Ticket Plans Number of Tickets Unit Price Level 0 Minimum Tickets \- 20 20 US$1/Ticket Level 1 Minimum Tickets \- 20 15 US$2/Ticket Level 2 Minimum Tickets \- 20 5 US$8/Ticket Level 3 Minimum Tickets \- 20 3 US$15/Ticket #### Plan Features - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Charges only for the tickets used - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Unlimited Servers - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Transparent Support - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 24 x 7 x 365 Support - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) No “canned” responses - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Guaranteed 30 minutes response time - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Average 4 hours resolution time - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Unlimited Domains per server - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Supports any OS with or without control panel - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Answers basic pre-sales questions - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Monthly ticket usage report - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Carry forwarding optional #### Recommended Addons Carry Forward Tickets US$ 15/ Month Live Chat Support US$ 60/ Month Server Monitoring US$ 15/ Month With SupportSages, you're not just buying a service; you're gaining a reliable partner committed to your success. Talk to our HelpDesk Support Experts to help you choose the right Support Plan: [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) ## FAQs What’s Level 0 or L0 Support? Automated or self-service solutions available for the end user without the help of Help Desk support Eg: Automated password resets, IP whitelist, KB access etc. What’s Level 1 or L1 Support? This is the initial support level responsible for basic customer issues. A Level 1 tech responds to the customer issues through general understanding about the system and the information documented in Knowledge base. Problems solved by Level 1 support are of "common/known issues" nature, which doesn't require deeper level investigations. Eg: Mail client configuration, cPanel login issues, php settings modification What’s Level 2 or L2 Support? They handle issues that Level 1 escalates. The resolution process requires deeper level investigations and access to various configuration files. This level of support often demands root level shell access. Issues which can be resolved through the admin interface of any control panel too falls in this category. Eg: Data migrations, Php recompilation, Installation and basic support for applications etc. What’s Level 3 or L3 Support? Level3 admin performs more sophisticated operations and handles escalated issues from L1 and L2 techs. Each L3 tech posses excellent trouble shooting and analytical skills. They stay tuned with the industry changes and it helps them to take informed decisions whenever required. Eg: Server optimization, Data recovery, Cyber forensics etc. How does "Ticket Carry Forwarding" works? By default the validity of the purchased tickets expire after one month. We had seen customer queries about the possibility of continuing with the lapsed tickets. The "Ticket Carry Forwarding" addon enables you to claim or extend the validity of the unused tickets for one more month. There are no restrictions on the number of tickets or activation instances for a ticket. ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#) ## 24/7 Server Management Services # Let us take care of your servers 24/7 for 365 days! Let us take the burden of Server Management off your hands. Our expert team handles everything, from Server Hardening and Third-party Software installations to 24/7 Monitoring, Reboot Assistance, Server Migrations, and Backup Configuration. With SupportSages, you'll enjoy seamless, hassle-free management, ensuring your servers are always secure and running optimally! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) ![hero illustration hire a devops engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fhero_illustration_server%20mgmt%402x.png&w=1200&q=75) ### Our Expertise ## Operating System - ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Tux.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/windows_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2Ffreebsd_logo.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Oracle_Solaris_logo.svg) ## Account / Server / Datacenter Migration ## Web Server Mgmnt - ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/apache_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2Fxeus_logo.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2FLighttpd_logo.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/litespeed-logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Nginx_logo.svg) ## Spam & Abuse Management ## Database Server Mgmnt - ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2FMySQL_logo.png&w=96&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2Fpostgresql_elephant.png&w=384&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/oracle_logo.svg) ## Proactive Server Monitoring ## Control Panels - ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/CPanel_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/direct_admin_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2Fplesk_logo.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Virtuozzo_logo.svg) ## Proactive Security Update Services ## DNS Server Management - ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2FBind_logo.png&w=96&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2Ftiny_dns_logo.png&w=384&q=75) ## Security Auditing ## Virtualization - ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/OpenVZ-logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Xen_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Vmware.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/qemu_logo.svg) ## Disaster Management- 911 service ## Mail Server Management - ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2Fexim_blue_logo%402x.png&w=128&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Postfix-logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2Fq_mail_logo.png&w=128&q=75) ## Hacked Server- Forensics & Recovery ## We Cover all your Server Management needs At SupportSages, we go beyond traditional outsourced support by offering a range of flexible service plans tailored to your unique requirements. You can choose from Per Hour, Per Server, or Per Admin options, ensuring the right level of support for your business. We also provide 24/7 Admin Teams for continuous monitoring and management, as well as specialized VPS Management Services to keep your virtual private servers secure and optimized. Whether you need full-time support or on-demand assistance, our expert team is here to deliver reliable, customized solutions. [![Enhanced Security](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2F1_per_hour_sml%402x.png&w=256&q=75)**Per Hour**](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#perHour) [![Reduced Costs](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2F2_per_server_sml%402x.png&w=256&q=75)**Per Server**](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#perServer) [![Scalable](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2F3_per_admin_sml%402x.png&w=256&q=75)**Per Admin**](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#perAdmin) [![24/7 piece of mind](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2F4_24_7_admin_team_sml%402x.png&w=256&q=75)**24/7 Admin Team**](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#adminTeam) [![Improved Efficiency](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2F5_VPS_mgmnt_sml%402x.png&w=256&q=75)**VPS Management**](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#VPSManagement) ## Per Hour Get 24/7/365 On-Demand Support starting at just $40! Around-the-clock, expert assistance is always available to keep your servers running smoothly. For only $40, you’ll have immediate access to our dedicated team, ensuring minimal downtime and quick resolutions to any issues, no matter the time of day. Enjoy uninterrupted business operations with reliable, affordable support whenever you need it most. ### Server Administration (1 Hour) ### US $40 / Slot ![Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fper_hour_server_mgmt%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Per Server With our 'Per Server' pricing model, you pay for the management of each individual server, ensuring customized attention and optimized performance for every server in your network. This approach allows us to provide focused, dedicated support tailored to the specific configurations, workloads, and requirements of each server, maximizing efficiency and minimizing downtime. LinuxWindows ![Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fper_server_mgmt%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Control Panel based ### cPanel - 24/7 Server Management US $70 / Per Server ![cPanel - 24/7 Server Management](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fcpanel_visual.png&w=256&q=75) This 24/7 cPanel Server Management plan offers Server Monitoring, Disaster Recovery, Unlimited Server Administration, Server optimization, cluster setup, cPanel support etc. at affordable price. ### Plesk - 24/7 Server Management US $70 / Per Server ![Plesk - 24/7 Server Management](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fplesxk_visual.png&w=256&q=75) We provide 24x7 server monitoring and server management for Plesk servers using Linux with high level of professional competency and customer service practices. ### Direct Admin US $70 / Per Server ![Direct Admin](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fdirect_admin%402x.png&w=256&q=75) Simplify your DirectAdmin server management with our certified experts available 24/7. We offer dedicated support, robust server hardening, reliable backups, and thorough security audits. Explore our budget-friendly plans, including comprehensive server management and unlimited admin tasks. ### Other Control Panels US $80 / Per Server ![Other Control Panels](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fother_control_panels%402x.png&w=256&q=75) We provide 24x7 server monitoring and server management for other control panels as well. Our team delivers high-level professional expertise and exceptional customer service to ensure seamless operations. ### Without Control Panel US $120 / Per Server ![Without Control Panel](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fwithout_control_panels%402x.png&w=256&q=75) Whether your servers require command-line management or custom setups, we deliver professional and efficient support tailored to your specific infrastructure needs as well. ## Per Admin Server maintenance is an extremely complex job and needs to be performed by a seasoned server administrator. Our server administrators have immense experience and expertise in provisioning, operating and managing servers. Server Admins allotted to you under this "Per Admin" plan will also have experience in developing code in at least one high-level programming language like Perl or Python or PHP. To a list a few more skillset, server admins at SupportSages have: - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Experience in automation and testing via scripting/programing - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Understanding of agile and other development processes and methodologies - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Years of expertise in Disaster management & DRP - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Experience in enterprise level server management ### Server Administration (Dedicated Admin) ### US $1,999 / Month ![Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fper_admin_server_mgmt%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## 24/7 Admin Team Server Administrators are those whom the entire support team escalates the issues to and is normally on-call 24/7. But when the rates of on-call increases beyond a level, the situation demands the need for more than one System Administrator or even a team of Server Administrators. All of the hand picked server administrators possess at-par skillsets with their peers in the team and are second to none. PS: We would need 30 days setup time for this service. ### Server Administration (Dedicated Team) ### US $7,600 / Month ![Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fper_admin_team%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## VPS Management If you are setting up VPS hosting, and need help in choice of virtualization technology to be used, billing system and control panels to be setup and related initial tasks, you only have to opt for “Node Management”. It also offers Node Setup, Hypervisor installation,VPS provisioning, Node monitoring, VPS migrations across nodes as well. ### Plan Featured - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Node Set Up - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) VPS Migrations - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Hypervisor Installation - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) OS Module Management - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Node Monitoring - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) OS Template Creation - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Node Backup and Restoration - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Unlimited Node Issues - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Security Patches - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Unlimited VPS Per Node ![soldier](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fvps_management%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Supports ![Logo 1](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/SolusVM-Brand-Logo.svg) ![Logo 2](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Xen_logo.svg) ![Logo 3](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/OpenVZ-logo.svg) ![Logo 4](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Flogos%2FHyper-V_Logo.png&w=384&q=75) ![Logo 5](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Virtuozzo_logo.svg) ![Logo 6](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management/logos/Vmware.svg) ## Recommended Addons ### Clustered Environment ### US $100 / Month ### VPS Management (Upto 20 VPS) ### US $100 / Month ### VPS Management (More than 20 VPS) ### US $150 / Month ## With SupportSages, you're not just buying a service; you're gaining a reliable partner committed to your success. Talk to our HelpDesk Support Experts to help you choose the right Server Admin Plan. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2Fss_team%402x.png&w=640&q=75) #### Why Choose Our Server Management Services? With SupportSages' diverse range of server Management plans, you'll experience minimized downtime, increased productivity, and the assurance that your server management is expertly handled. Choose from our tailored plans to find the perfect fit for your needs and turn your server management challenges into opportunities for growth. ## Choose our Server Management Services for 24/7 monitoring, cutting-edge AI threat detection, and rapid response. Our expert team offers tailored solutions, with proven success record and a commitment to ensuring robust protection against evolving cyber threats. ## Enhanced Security ![Enhanced Security](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fbenefits_1_enhanced_security%402x.png&w=128&q=75) ## Reduced Costs ![Reduced Costs](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fbenefits_2_reduced_costs%402x.png&w=128&q=75) ## Scalability ![Scalable](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fbenefits_3_scalability%402x.png&w=128&q=75) ## 24/7 Peace of Mind ![24/7 piece of mind](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fbenefits_4_24x7_peace_of_mind%402x.png&w=128&q=75) ## Improved Efficiency ![Improved Efficiency](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fserver-management%2Fbenefits_5_improved_efficiency%402x.png&w=128&q=75) ## All your Questions Answered How fast do you fix issues in Server Management? We prioritize urgent issues and strive to resolve critical server problems as quickly as possible, often within minutes. Non-critical issues are addressed based on their severity and the plan you’ve selected. Our team monitors servers 24/7, enabling us to detect and respond to issues proactively. How can I monitor the performance of my server? You can monitor the performance of your server through the monitoring tools included in your server management plan. We provide real-time monitoring of CPU usage, memory, disk space, and much more. Our team will notify you of any issues or anomalies and fixes them. We give access (on demand) to the tools like Icinga for clients who managing over five servers. Do I have to pay additional for backup? Yes, backup services are not included in our server management plans unless explicitly stated. However, we can manage backups for you as part of our services. Please note that this is available at an additional cost, and the pricing depends on your storage requirements and the frequency of backups specified in your chosen plan. What server issues are included in server management plans? Our plans cover: Our plans cover almost everything related to servers in our server management plan. Below is a list of issues we take care of. Please note that this is not an exclusive list but a sample. - Server Hardening & Security: Enhanced protection and regular updates. - 24/7 Monitoring: Continuous server performance tracking and issue resolution. - Backup & Recovery: Regular backup configuration and disaster recovery. - Software & OS Support: Installation, updates, and support for Linux, Windows, and more. - Web & Database Management: Managing servers like Apache, Nginx, MySQL, and PostgreSQL. - Server Migrations: Seamless data and application transfers. - Mail & DNS Server Management: Ensuring reliable email and DNS functionality. - Virtualization Support: OpenVZ, VMWare, Xen, and more. - Hacked Server Recovery: Forensics and restoration after a breach. ## Have a custom Requirement? ## Share your needs, and let’s make it happen! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management#) ## Managed SOC Services #### Protect Your Business 24/7 with our Managed SoC services Our Managed Security Operations Center (SOC) services offer a proactive approach to security, providing Continuous Monitoring, Detection Analysis, and response to security incidents. Our Managed SOC leverages advanced technologies and expert security professionals to monitor your IT infrastructure, networks, endpoints, and applications 24/7, ensuring that potential threats are identified and neutralized before they can cause harm. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) ![hero-image](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/visual.svg) # Advantages of our Managed SoC Services In today's world, cyber threats are rapidly evolving, making it increasingly challenging for businesses to keep up with the latest security risks. A Managed Security Operations Center (SOC) provides a comprehensive solution to address these challenges, offering round-the-clock monitoring, detection, and response capabilities. ## Choose our managed SOC services for 24/7 monitoring, cutting-edge AI threat detection, and rapid response. Our expert team offers tailored solutions, with proven success record and a commitment to ensuring robust protection against evolving cyber threats. ## Enhanced Security ![Enhanced Security](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanaged-soc%2Fenhanced_security.png&w=128&q=75) ## Reduced Costs ![Reduced Costs](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanaged-soc%2Freduced_costs.png&w=128&q=75) ## Scalability ![Scalable](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanaged-soc%2Ffaster_3d.png&w=128&q=75) ## 24/7 Peace of Mind ![24/7 piece of mind](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanaged-soc%2Fpeace-of-mind.png&w=128&q=75) ## Improved Efficiency ![Improved Efficiency](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fmanaged-soc%2Fimproved_efficiency.png&w=128&q=75) #### Our Managed SoC Services ### SIEM & SOAR We leverage SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) & Security Orchestration Automation and Response (SOAR) technologies to automate routine tasks and streamline security operations, improving efficiency and effectiveness. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/siem_soar.svg) ### Incident Response We have a proven incident response process to contain, eradicate, and recover from security incidents, minimizing damage and downtime. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/incident_response.svg) ### Security Awarenerss Training We offer security awareness training programs to educate your employees about cybersecurity best practices and help them to identify and avoid phishing attempts and social engineering attacks. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/security_awareness_training.svg) ### Vulnerability Management We identify and prioritize vulnerabilities in your systems and applications, helping you to remediate them before they can be exploited by attackers. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/vulnerability_management.svg) ### Threat Hunting Our security analysts proactively search your network for hidden threats and vulnerabilities that automated tools might miss. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/threat_hunting.svg) ### Continuous Security Monitoring We leverage advanced security technologies to continuously monitor your IT infrastructure, networks, endpoints, and applications for suspicious activity, 24/7/365 ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/continuous_security_monitoring.svg) ### Log Management and Analysis Our team collects and analyzes logs from your security devices and applications to identify potential threats and security incidents. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/log_management_analysis.svg) ### SIEM & SOAR We leverage SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) & Security Orchestration Automation and Response (SOAR) technologies to automate routine tasks and streamline security operations, improving efficiency and effectiveness. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/siem_soar.svg) ### Incident Response We have a proven incident response process to contain, eradicate, and recover from security incidents, minimizing damage and downtime. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/incident_response.svg) ### Security Awarenerss Training We offer security awareness training programs to educate your employees about cybersecurity best practices and help them to identify and avoid phishing attempts and social engineering attacks. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/security_awareness_training.svg) ### Vulnerability Management We identify and prioritize vulnerabilities in your systems and applications, helping you to remediate them before they can be exploited by attackers. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/vulnerability_management.svg) ### Threat Hunting Our security analysts proactively search your network for hidden threats and vulnerabilities that automated tools might miss. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/threat_hunting.svg) ### Continuous Security Monitoring We leverage advanced security technologies to continuously monitor your IT infrastructure, networks, endpoints, and applications for suspicious activity, 24/7/365 ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/continuous_security_monitoring.svg) ### Log Management and Analysis Our team collects and analyzes logs from your security devices and applications to identify potential threats and security incidents. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/log_management_analysis.svg) ### SIEM & SOAR We leverage SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) & Security Orchestration Automation and Response (SOAR) technologies to automate routine tasks and streamline security operations, improving efficiency and effectiveness. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/siem_soar.svg) ### Incident Response We have a proven incident response process to contain, eradicate, and recover from security incidents, minimizing damage and downtime. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/incident_response.svg) ### Security Awarenerss Training We offer security awareness training programs to educate your employees about cybersecurity best practices and help them to identify and avoid phishing attempts and social engineering attacks. ![services](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/security_awareness_training.svg) ## 5 Solid Reasons to ### Choose our Managed SoC Services! ![continuos improvements](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/advanced_technology@2x.svg) ### Advanced Technology Our cutting-edge approach ensures Real-time Monitoring, Automated Incident Analysis, and Proactive Threat Hunting, providing robust protection to your Infrastructure. ![continuos improvements](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/training@2x.svg) ### Experienced Team Our deep understanding of Security Protocols, combined with hands-on experience in handling complex incidents, ensures a proactive and efficient defense against potential breaches. ![continuos improvements](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/proven_track_record@2x.svg) ### Proven Track Record We have demonstrated consistent success in safeguarding client data and systems. This reliability is evidenced by a history of thwarting cyber attacks, minimizing downtime, and maintaining compliance with industry standards. ![continuos improvements](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/customized_solutions@2x.svg) ### Customized Solutions Our customized solutions, tailored strategies and tools to specific risks and operational requirements ensure optimal protection and efficiency to your Organization. ![continuos improvements](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc/continuous_improvement@2x.svg) ### Continuous Improvement Through ongoing Training, Advanced Analytics, and Feedback Loops, Our SOC teams enhance their capabilities to ensure resilient and cutting-edge protection. ## All your Questions Answered What are the different types of Managed SOC services you offer? We offer a range of Managed SOC services to fit your specific needs, including fully-outsourced SOC, co-managed SOC, and hybrid models. How does your Managed SOC service integrate with my existing security infrastructure? Our team has extensive experience integrating with a variety of security tools and platforms. We work closely with you to ensure a smooth and seamless integration process with minimal disruption to your existing environment. What kind of reporting do you provide? We provide regular, customizable reports that detail security incidents, threats detected, your overall security posture, and key performance indicators (KPIs). These reports will give you valuable insights into your organization's security landscape and help you to measure the effectiveness of our services. How quickly can you respond to a security incident? Our team is trained to respond to security incidents quickly and efficiently, following a well-defined incident response process. We understand the importance of rapid response in minimizing damage and downtime. How much does your Managed SOC service cost? The cost of our Managed SOC service depends on your specific needs and requirements, such as the size of your organization, the complexity of your IT environment, and the level of service required. We offer flexible pricing options to fit your budget. ## Are you looking for a team to take care of all your Compliance Requirements? ## Book a FREE call with our Compliance Experts! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/managed-soc#) ## CI/CD Solutions # CI/CD Pipeline Step Up Your Development Workflow with Cutting-edge CI/CD Solutions [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) ![cicd-pipeline](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/cicd-pipeline.svg) ## Our Services Our DevOps as a Service (DaaS) is your key to unlocking a new era of productivity and innovation. Discover how our comprehensive service can transform your organization's approach to DevOps. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/kubernets.svg) #### Container Orchestration with Kubernetes Server monitoring, troubleshooting, software updates, daily backups. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/security-cicd.svg) #### Security-First CI/CD Practice Server monitoring, troubleshooting, software updates, daily backups. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/ai-robot.svg) #### Automated Testing Integration Server monitoring, troubleshooting, software updates, daily backups. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/cloud.svg) #### Continuous Deployment to Cloud Platforms Server monitoring, troubleshooting, software updates, daily backups. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/gitops.svg) #### GitOps for Version- Controlled Deployments Server monitoring, troubleshooting, software updates, daily backups. ### 500+ Successful Implementations ### 95% Client Satisfaction Rate ### 99.9% Uptime ### 30% Faster Release Cycle ![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/travis-ci.svg)![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/circleci.svg)![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/bitbucket-icon.svg)![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/gitlab.svg)![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/docker-4.svg)![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/ansible.svg) ![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/jenkins-1.svg)![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/terraform-enterprise.svg)![](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd/kubernets.svg)![](https://helm.sh/img/helm.svg) ## Core Benefits Our FinOps as a service (FaaS) empowers organizations to streamline cloud cost management, enhance financial flexibility, and make informed decisions that maximize cloud investment returns. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_01.svg) #### Early Problem Detection identify and eliminate unnecessary cloud expenses, right-size infrastructure, and negotiate better deals, ensuring significant cost savings ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_02.svg) #### Improved Code Quality Free up IT resources from the complexities of cloud cost management to focus on driving innovation and strategic initiatives. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_03.svg) #### Enhanced Collaboration Implement robust policies, procedures, and expert guidance to control spending, prevent unauthorized access, and maintain compliance ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_04.svg) #### Enhanced Security Gain real-time visibility into cloud spending with FinOps solutions, enhancing financial agility for organizational growth and success ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_05.svg) #### Risk Mitigation Establish clear accountability for cloud spending through advanced tools and reporting dashboards that track usage and costs at both team and individual levels ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_06.svg) #### Faster Releases Automate tedious tasks, including tagging, cost allocation, and reporting, with advanced FinOps solutions, freeing up your IT team's time for more strategic initiatives ## CI/CD Pipelines: all of your questions answered Can you integrate approval system as a part of the CI/CD system and schedule the deployments. Yes, you can integrate an approval system into a CI/CD pipeline and schedule deployments using various tools like Azure DevOps, AWS CodePipeline, Jenkins, GitHub Actions/GitLab CI, GCP Cloud Build. Can you integrate code scanning as a part of CI/CD pipeline. Yes, we can integrate code scanning into a CI/CD pipeline using tools like SonarQube, GitHub CodeQL, Snyk, Trivy, Checkmarx or any tool you would like to integrate. These tools can be added as a step in the pipeline to scan for vulnerabilities, code quality issues, and security flaws before deployment. Can you do deployments without any downtime Yes, we can achieve zero-downtime deployments by using strategies like blue-green deployments, canary releases, and rolling updates, depending on customer needs. The choice of strategy depends on customer requirements and infrastructure, ensuring seamless transitions with minimal risk. How can we know if a deployment is completed, failed or pending. We can set up notifications using CI/CD Pipeline Dashboards of tools like GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Jenkins, and Azure DevOps which provides real-time status. We can also provide notifications using webhooks on platforms like Slack, Teams or any platforms of your choice. Can we automatically rollback to previous version if a deployment fails Yes, we can define rollback strategies to automatically revert to the previous version if a deployment fails. We will define the best rollback strategy based on your chosen service. By implementing rollback strategies, we ensure system stability and minimize downtime in case of deployment failures. #### Lets get connected [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_call.svg)+91 773 638 1410](tel:+917736381410) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_mail.svg)sales@supportsages.com](mailto:sales@supportsages.com) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_x.svg)/supportsages](https://www.instagram.com/support.sages) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_in.svg)/in/supportsages](https://in.linkedin.com/company/supportsages) ![Clutch](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Fclutch.png&w=384&q=75)![Trustpilot](https://www.supportsages.com/home/tp_widget.svg) Send Now ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline#) [iframe](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/anchor?ar=1&k=6LeyLnIqAAAAAHyGmGzMKxf8t9xJf0KRm9tBGWB5&co=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VwcG9ydHNhZ2VzLmNvbTo0NDM.&hl=en&v=hbAq-YhJxOnlU-7cpgBoAJHb&size=invisible&cb=apak2lbfr4qr) ## IT Infrastructure Hardening # Secure Your IT infrastructure with our Expert Hardening Services At SupportSages, we focus on fortifying your IT infrastructure to safeguard it against vulnerabilities and evolving cyber threats. Our hardening services are designed to optimize security, align with industry standards, and meet the specific needs of your business. Whether it's configuring operating systems and networks in on-premises setups or securing cloud environments, applications, and databases, we provide tailored solutions to strengthen your defenses. Count on us to enhance your system’s resilience and protect your business with uncompromising reliability. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) ![hero-image](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2F01_hero_illo_system_hardening%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) #### Why do you need System Hardening? In today’s evolving cyber threat landscape, system hardening is a critical defense strategy. It minimizes vulnerabilities by securing hardware, software, and configurations, reducing the risk of breaches, ransomware, and system failures. System hardening also ensures compliance with industry standards like ISO 27001 and GDPR while enhancing operational resilience. ## By disabling unnecessary services, restricting access, and optimizing performance, it protects sensitive data, reduces downtime, and builds trust. As the foundation of a secure IT ecosystem, system hardening prepares your infrastructure to withstand emerging threats, ensuring long-term reliability and security. ## Our Services ## Server ## Hardening Our comprehensive and proactive approach to fortifying the security of servers. ![architecture review](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2F1_server_hardening_small%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Application ## Hardening We shield your applications from vulnerabilities with advanced security and resilient configurations. ![Server Hardening](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2F2_application_hardening_small%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Cloud Infrastructure ## Hardening Our service to fortify your cloud with trusted standards for resilience and compliance. ![Bug Bounty](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2F3_cloudinfra_hardening%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Server Hardening Server Hardening is a comprehensive and proactive approach to fortifying the security of servers within an organization's infrastructure. It involves the meticulous implementation of a series of security measures and configurations designed to minimize vulnerabilities, mitigate potential threats, and reduce the blast radius of any security breach by isolating critical systems and limiting the spread of damage across the network. Server hardening is crucial for businesses as it strengthens infrastructure resilience, protecting critical systems from malware, hacking, and unauthorized access. By minimizing vulnerabilities, it ensures operational continuity, safeguards sensitive data, and helps maintain customer trust in an increasingly threat-prone digital landscape. ![server hardening](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fserver_hardening_section%402x.png&w=3840&q=75) #### Our Approach to Server Hardening ## Baseline Configuration Assessment ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fsh_1_baseline_configuration_assessment%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Vulnerability Management ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fsh_2_vulnerability_mgmt%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Access Control and Authentication ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fsh_3_access_control_authentication%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Continuous Monitoring and Compliance ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fsh_4_continuous_monitoring_compliance%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Network Security Configuration ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fsh_5_network_security_config%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Application Hardening Software application hardening enhances the security of standard and third-party server applications. It protects against malware, data breaches, and unauthorized access through advanced security measures and robust configurations. Hardened applications enhance resilience, protecting businesses from downtime, breaches, and financial losses. Application hardening is crucial in today’s cybersecurity landscape, as threats increasingly target applications alongside operating systems. By reducing vulnerabilities and safeguarding sensitive data, it ensures compliance with security standards while strengthening your IT infrastructure. ![server hardening](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fapplication_hardening_section%402x.png&w=3840&q=75) #### Our Approach to Application Hardening ## Secure Configuration Management ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fah_1_secure_config_mgmt.png&w=256&q=75) ## Access Control and Privilege Management ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fah_2_access_cntrl%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Data Encryption ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fah_3_data_encryption%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Application Monitoring and Threat Detection ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fah_4_app_monitoring%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Third-Party Software Validation ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fah_5_thirdparty_sw_validation%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Cloud Infrastructure Hardening SupportSages delivers robust Cloud Infrastructure Hardening services designed to secure your cloud environment against modern threats while optimizing performance. Our approach includes implementing strict access controls, encrypting sensitive data, and ensuring configurations adhere to industry best practices and standards like ISO 27001 and CIS Benchmarks. We work across leading cloud platforms such as AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure, tailoring our solutions to your specific needs. With a focus on compliance, resilience, and efficiency, we help safeguard your cloud infrastructure to keep your business running securely and smoothly. ![server hardening](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2FcoudInfra_hardening_section%402x.png&w=3840&q=75) #### Our Approach to Database Hardening ## Access Management and Authentication ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fch_1_accessmgmt_authentication%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Configuration Best Practices ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fch_2_config_bestpractices%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Data Encryption and Protection ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fch_3_data_encryption%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Monitoring and Logging ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fch_4_monitoring_logging%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Regular Patching and Updates ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsystem-hardening%2Fch_5_regular_patching%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## All your Questions Answered We are a <50 people strong company, why is it important for my business? What components of my IT infrastructure are covered under your system hardening services? Will this protect against threats like ransomware and data breaches? Can system hardening ensure compliance with regulatory standards such as ISO 27001, GDPR, or PCI-DSS? How often should system hardening measures be reviewed and updated to maintain optimal security? ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/system-hardening#) ## Expert Product Support # Efficient and Reliable Product Support from SupportSages In a high-speed world, dependable support fuels business. Imagine disruptions vanished, replaced by proactive solutions and empowered teams. That's the power of reliable and efficient support - a launchpad for growth, not a brake on progress. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fillustration_product_support%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) ## Product Support for, Shared and VPS Hosting SupportSages goes beyond traditional outsourced support by offering expert, vendor-certified control panel support for both shared hosting and VPS hosting services. Our skilled professionals ensure you receive the most reliable and authentic support for the following control panels under our comprehensive plan: ![cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fshared_hosting_support%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Control Panel based Support - Shared Hosting ![vps](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fvps_hosting_support%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## Product Support \- VPS Hosting ## Control Panel based Support - Shared Hosting + ## cPanel cPanel SafeAdmin accredited team! ![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT Run your servers on any cPanel-supported OS with SupportSages. Our 24/7 experts provide top-notch cPanel server management. From setup to security, backups to migrations, we handle it all swiftly. With vast experience, we're always ready to assist you. FILTER BY: ![cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fcpanel_visual.png&w=384&q=75) cPanel Installation US $5 / One Time +9 More Services + ## Plesk Seamless Migrations - Windows & Linux alike ![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT SupportSages delivers streamlined, secure, and dependable Plesk server management services tailored for Windows and Linux systems. Our certified experts provide 24/7 support, covering Plesk support, management, hardening, backups, and security audits. Explore cost-effective plans inclusive of comprehensive server assistance and unlimited admin tasks. FILTER BY: ![Plesk](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fplesk.png&w=640&q=75) ## DirectAdmin Rates starting from US $10/ Hour ![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT Experience streamlined DirectAdmin server management with a focus on simplicity, security, and reliability. Our certified experts are available around the clock, providing dedicated support for DirectAdmin, comprehensive server management, robust hardening, reliable backups, and meticulous security audits. Discover our budget-friendly plans that include extensive server support and unlimited admin tasks. ![cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fdirect_admin%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### We also support... ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/ispmanager.svg) ![Support 8ages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/cyberpanel.svg) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fwebuzo-small.png&w=640&q=75) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/Webmin.svg) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/interworx.svg) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fvirtualmin.png&w=640&q=75) ### We're experts at handling Backend servers efficiently, with or without a control panel. ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fss_support_team%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) ## Product Support - VPS Hosting + ## Proxmox ![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT Powerful, user-friendly, and cost-effective. Proxmox combines KVM and OpenVZ for ultimate flexibility, supporting HA clustering and independent storage systems. Run Windows/Linux with full virtualization and conflict-free Linux apps in containers. Perfectly paired with affordable DCs like Hetzner and OVH. We're here to help you set up and configure Proxmox in your preferred data centers.More... ![proxmox](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fproxmox%402x.png&w=828&q=75) ## SolusVM ![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT SolusVM is a powerful web-based control panel designed for managing and deploying virtual private servers (VPS) across multiple platforms. It provides an intuitive interface for administrators to easily create, manage, and monitor virtual servers, making VPS hosting more efficient and scalable. With support for OpenVZ, KVM, and Xen virtualization, SolusVM offers flexibility and robust performance for hosting providers and businesses alike. ![proxmox](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fsolusvm%402x.png&w=828&q=75) ## OpenStack ![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT OpenStack offers unparalleled scalability and flexibility for building and managing cloud environments, making it ideal for both private and public clouds. Its open-source nature allows for extensive customization and integration with existing systems, reducing vendor lock-in. Additionally, OpenStack's modular design enables efficient resource management, leading to cost savings and improved operational efficiency. ![proxmox](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fopenstack%402x.png&w=828&q=75) ## Virtualizor ![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT Virtualizor simplifies the management and deployment of virtual machines with its user-friendly interface, making VPS hosting straightforward and efficient. It supports multiple virtualization technologies like KVM, Xen, and OpenVZ, offering flexibility and scalability for various hosting needs. Additionally, Virtualizor's robust API and automation features help streamline operations, saving time and reducing administrative overhead. ![proxmox](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2Fvirtualizor%402x.png&w=828&q=75) ### Other Supported Products ### VPS Support ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/proxmox_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/virtuozzo_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Fvates_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ### Data Center Management ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2FeasyDCIM_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2FUbersmith_Logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ### Virtualization ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/qemu_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/xen_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/kvm_logo.svg) ### Security ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/monarx_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/imunify_security_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Fbitninja_logo%402x.png&w=384&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Fsuricata_logo%402x.png&w=384&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Ffail2ban_logo%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### Sales / Billing ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Fwhmcs_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Fclientexec_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Fhostbill_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fproduct-support%2FlogoTable%2Fblesta_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/wisecp_logo.svg) ### Operating Systems ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/centos_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/arch_linux_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/cloudlinux_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/alma_linux_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/debian_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/fedora_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/mageia_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/OpenSUSE_Logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/oracle_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/redhat_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/rocky_linux_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/ubuntu_logo.svg)![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support/logoTable/windows_server_logo.svg) ## All your Questions Answered What types of hosting companies do you support? We support hosting providers offering shared, reseller, VPS, dedicated, cloud, and managed hosting, with expertise in e-commerce, WordPress, game, and Shoutcast hosting. We also provide remote hand services for colocation, including troubleshooting, OS installation, power resets, and data center operations. Whether you're a startup or an established provider, we offer tailored solutions for servers with or without control panels. What services are included in SupportSages' cPanel server management? 24/7 cPanel server management services encompass setup, security, backups, migrations, and more. Our team is experienced in handling all aspects of cPanel-supported operating systems to ensure optimal performance and security. What services are included in your VPS Node Management plan, such as Proxmox and SolusVM? Our VPS Node Management plan includes: - • Patch and upgrade management - • Unlimited admin hours for server maintenance - • Backup and restoration of VPS instances - • Resource management and capacity planning - • 24/7 server monitoring and log analysis - • Firewall setup and basic security measures - • Virtual machine health checks - • Creation, deletion, and suspension of VPS instances What is not included in our VPS Node Management plan Our VPS Node Management plan does not include end-user support unless it is explicitly allowed in your plan. For end-user support, you will need to purchase the Helpdesk support plan separately. ## Have a custom Requirement? ## Share your needs, and let’s make it happen! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support#) ## System Engineer Position # System Engineer We are looking for passionate techies to join our fast­growing team. ­\- You will be responsible for providing technical support to international web hosting clients. ­\- You will also be in charge of developing and maintaining scripts for monitoring and reporting various aspects of system performance, resource utilization, and application usage. Candidate Requirements : - Excellent customer management and communication skills. - Min 6 months experience as a Technical Support Engineer. - Good understanding of netfilter/iptables. - Good knowledge in Web Servers, NFS, DNS, NIS, MTAs. - Experience in cloud service providers like AWS, Google Cloud, Azure. - Profound Experience in Apache, Litespeed, CentOS, Nagios, Cacti, DNS, hosted services, MySQL, R1soft, Wordpress, cPanel, SpamExperts. - Good knowledge in Automation systems like Ansible, Chef or Puppet. - Prefer some programming experience (particularly Bash, Shell, Perl, Python, PHP, HTML, MySQL). - Good knowledge on shell scripting and relational databases - Hands on experience with control panels like cPanel, Plesk, Direct Admin etc. - Willingness to learn, teach and be challenged. - Be self­sufficient delivering assigned tasks ­ we work as a team, but we expect the members of that team to pull their own weight and contribute independently. - Strong written communication skill in English language. Experience : 6 months - 2 years Qualification: B.Tech / B.E in Computer Science / IT / ECE, MCA Salary : Based on current CTC Please note that this position is based in Kochi, Kerala. We have a hybrid work mode which will require candidates to occasionally come to the office. Hence, we will only consider applicants who are able to meet this requirement. Apply Now [Back](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#current-openings) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/system-engineer#) ## DevOps Consulting Services # DevOps Consulting Services We're here to help align your development and operations teams by setting up automated processes for smooth software delivery, enabling you to achieve top results without the hassle [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) ![Devops Consulting Services](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devops-consulting.svg) ### Service We Offer How FaaS is helping your business ## CI/CD Pipelines Our team of DevOps experts operates within a continuous cycle of development, testing, and deployment, ensuring an efficient workflow akin to a finely-tuned system ## DevOps implementation consulting We help businesses implement the best DevOps practices, whether they're starting from scratch or refining existing projects. Our goal is to guide and enhance your DevOps journey for optimal performance and success ## DevOps Tool Consulting Discover the right tools for your needs with our DevOps Tool Consulting. We're here to guide you in choosing what works best for you, boosting your operations with accuracy and effectiveness in every task. ## DevOps Tech Consulting Our clients may always rely on excellent technical assistance. We have all the information, abilities, and resources necessary to help your most difficult tasks that we have amassed over the years. ### Strategic DevOps Consulting Phases Our experts talk about your new project, plan how to create software products, and tailor the project to meet your needs Get a Free Quote 01\. ## Define our experts talk about your new project, plan how to create software products, and tailor the project to meet your needs. We discuss the terms of implementation and decide on the methods and technologies to be used. 02\. ## Plan consulting services are carefully outlined by our team. Specific needs are identified, experts are aligned, and a thorough evaluation of risks, along with corresponding solutions, is conducted. 03\. ## Build Building a roadmap is a pivotal initial stride toward your company's utmost success. We integrate script development, automation, and execute a strategic infrastructure development plan. Our approach involves identifying the essential tools and techniques to enhance your work processes 04\. ## Execute our consulting services undergo a quality check. We implement chosen technologies following the strategy, guided by the established direction. Continuous monitoring and testing ensure the effectiveness of all implemented processes. ## Seeking more than just consulting? Explore our DevOps services [**CI/CD Pipiline**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/ci-cd-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline) [**DevOps as a Service**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devops-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service) [**DevSecOps**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devsecops-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/devsecops) [**Hire DevOps Engineers**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devsecops-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) [**Infrastructure As a Code**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devops-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/infra-as-code) [**CI/CD Pipiline**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/ci-cd-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline) [**DevSecOps**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devsecops-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/devsecops) [**Hire DevOps Engineers**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devsecops-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) [**CI/CD Pipiline**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/ci-cd-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/cicd-pipeline) [**DevOps as a Service**\\ \\ ![cicd](https://www.supportsages.com/devopsconsulting/devops-service.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service) ### What Our Clinets Says ![company-logo](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2Fbest-doc.png&w=256&q=75) Throughout our five-year partnership, SupportSages has remained an integral part of our company. Their 24/7 support and commitment to promptly resolving issues have consistently exceeded our expectations. We've successfully completed multiple migrations across various cloud providers. Their expertise in managing K8s on various cloud platforms has helped us achieve optimized costs operations, and efficiency. ## FAYAZ BIN ABDU CTO, BestDoc Technologies ![company-logo](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2Famrita.png&w=256&q=75) As an AWS Well-Architected Review partner for us, SupportSages has truly been a life-changer for us. Engagement helped us achieve 70% reduction in our aws infra costs. With the detail analysis and recommendations provided through zero cost WAR exercise, Sages played an important role in maximizing efficiently, cost optimization and scalability! ## MANHAR DAS Amrita ![company-logo](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2FZapareTechnologies.jpg&w=256&q=75) Implementing Infrastructure as Code (Terraform IaC) to deploy our workload has significantly enhanced deployment efficiency across multiple environments. The 24/7 on-call support offered in DOaaS has been a lifesaver on numerous occasions. ## SHINE C WILSON CTO, Zapare Technologies ![company-logo](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdevopsconsulting%2Fostrum.png&w=256&q=75) We're incredibly thankful to SupportSages for always being there for us, working hard, and guiding us through tough times. Their 24/7 support is a lifesaver, helping us tackle big problems and keeping us on track for success. With their help, we know we can handle anything that comes our way. SupportSages is always a part of our organization's success. ## ABHI CHACKO Director, Ostrum Tech Limited ## Devops Consulting: all your questions answered What is the typical duration of a consulting engagement? Initially there will be a one hour call to have a basic understanding of the requirement and if its a simple issue/requirement we will provide a solution in the same call. If you are consulting us to resolve an issue that require more time to resolve, we may gather all the necessary information to troubleshoot it and get back to you asap. If its a requirement that need to be implemented for you, we will get back to you with a proposal and once the proposal is approved we will start the work and complete it based on the timeline specified in the proposal What is the process for resolving issues that may arise during a consulting engagement? We do have inhouse DevOps team with 5+ years of experience so any issues that is coming under our agreed scope of work will be resolved by our team itself What services do your consulting offerings cover? We provide consulting for any kind of DevOps tools, public Clouds, automation tools, security/compliance assessment and all. Can you accommodate urgent consulting needs or short timelines? Yes, we understand that some situations require immediate attention. Depending on the complexity of the issue or the project, we strive to accommodate urgent needs and provide swift solutions. #### Lets get connected [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_call.svg)+91 773 638 1410](tel:+917736381410) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_mail.svg)sales@supportsages.com](mailto:sales@supportsages.com) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_x.svg)/supportsages](https://www.instagram.com/support.sages) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_in.svg)/in/supportsages](https://in.linkedin.com/company/supportsages) ![Clutch](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Fclutch.png&w=384&q=75)![Trustpilot](https://www.supportsages.com/home/tp_widget.svg) Send Now #### Stay notified with our updates We wont spam you with offers and irritating marketing mails. Just curated articles on devops, cloud and everything that you love around them Subscribe ![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Faws_badge.png&w=256&q=75)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_gpc.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_azure.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_do.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Flogos_e2epng.png&w=256&q=75)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_oracle.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_acronis.svg)![AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/logos_ohv.svg) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-consulting-services#) [iframe](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/anchor?ar=1&k=6LeyLnIqAAAAAHyGmGzMKxf8t9xJf0KRm9tBGWB5&co=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VwcG9ydHNhZ2VzLmNvbTo0NDM.&hl=en&v=hbAq-YhJxOnlU-7cpgBoAJHb&size=invisible&cb=ai76hrh3t4ff) ## DevOps as a Service ## Revolutionize Your SDLC Operations with DevOps as a Service #### Let us do the heavy lifting for you The future of streamlined, efficient, and agile software development and operations. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TELL US ABOUT YOUR PROJECT](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fdoas%2Fhero.webp&w=1080&q=75) Your browser does not support the video tag. ## Why choose our DevOps As A Service Our DevOps as a Service (DaaS) is your key to unlocking a new era of productivity and innovation. Discover how our comprehensive service can transform your organization’s approach to DevOps. ![24x7 support](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/clock.svg) #### 24/7 Expert Support Expert support available at all times thereby resolving issues quickly and minimizing downtimes. ![24x7 support](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/rapid-response.svg) #### Rapid incident response Dedicated teams available for you to respond quickly and effectively ![24x7 support](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/monitoring.svg) #### Continuous monitoring & optimization Monitor your DevOps environment for signs of trouble before they escalate into major problems ![24x7 support](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/database.svg) #### Risk Management & Backup Strategies 24/7 support can help you mitigate risks and minimize the impact of unexpected problems ![24x7 support](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/customize.svg) #### Customized Solutions We address your requirements and challenges to ensure you get the best services - GOOGLE CLOUD - AZURE - E2E - OHVCLOUD - ORACLE CLOUD - GOOGLE CLOUD - AZURE - E2E - OVHCLOUD - ORACLE CLOUD - CI/CD - JENKINS - KUBERNETES - AWS LAMBDA - DIGITAL OCEAN - CI/CD - JENKINS - KUBERNETES - AWS LAMDA - DIGITAL OCEAN ## DevOps As A Service (DaaS) ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_configure.svg) #### Configuration Management ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_loadtest.svg) #### Load Testing & Auto-Scale ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_projectmanagement.svg) #### Tools for project management ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_app.svg) #### App Performance Monitoring ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_cicd.svg) #### CI/CD and Delivery ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_availability.svg) #### Availability Monitoring ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_test.svg) #### Test Automation ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_recovery.svg) #### Automated Recovery (Rollback) ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_backup.svg) #### Disaster Recovery ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_monitoring.svg) #### Usage Monitoring ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_infracode.svg) #### Infrastructure as Code ![DaaS](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/ico_rollback.svg) #### Automated Backups ![Why Supporsages](https://www.supportsages.com/doas/why-ss.svg) DevOps As a Service plans from SupportSages allows businesses, include software engineering and development companies to outsource their DevOps tasks to experts trained in DevOps tools and processes. DaaS works by providing access to experienced DevOps professionals who use the right tools and processes to deliver results. They will work with your development team or inhouse DevOps team itself to set up, configure, and maintain your applications, 24/7. DevOps professionals from SupportSages will use various DevOps solutions such as automated testing, continuous integration, automation of IT tasks, and delivery pipelines. This way, we can help you quickly develop, deploy, and monitor your applications. SupportSages’ DevOps team will also help you plan and execute DevOps strategies that meet your organization’s needs, such as scalability, cost savings, and time-to-market. SupportSages’ provides end-to-end DevOps solutions of any complexity to take care of your digital transformation and efficient delivery. With our DaaS service, you get one-click deployment, improved product quality, and reduced maintenance cost. Outsource your DevOps today! SupportSages is based in Kochi, India, with a 35+ member DevOps team serving IT product and SaaS companies across India, the Middle East, and North America. You get global-standard DevOps practices at India-based pricing, with timezone overlap for real-time collaboration. Our clients range from early-stage startups to enterprise teams running multi-cloud production workloads. ### 10+ Years into DevOps ### 35+ DevOps Engineers ### 500+ Deployed Pipelines ### 1000+ Services Monitored (24/7) ### 150+ DevOps Implementations ## DaaS Plans Outsource your DevOps implementation to your trusted partner and you will have access to a pool of experienced DevOps Engineers. Its not only cost effective solution, you will also have improved scalability in terms of resources and can ensure your software delivery go through the industry best practices. ### Plan Features Support Coverage Monitoring Monitoring Tool Issue Remediation 5+ years DevOps Engineers Infra Design & Re-architecture Support CTO As A Service Centralized Logging Weekly Review Meeting Total Admin Hrs Extra Admin Hrs Uptime Cloud Infra Hybrid Cloud Support CI/CD Infra as a Code Container Orchestration Service Mesh Support Patch & Security Updates Backup Responsibility Disaster Recovery Architecture Review On Call Support Documentation Server Health / Log Analysis Best Suited For Support Coverage 8 Hrs 12 Hrs 24 Hrs Monitoring 24/7 24/7 24/7 Monitoring Tool Open Source Site 24x7 / Any Custom AI Tools Issue Remediation Manual Manual / Automation Manual / Automation 5+ years DevOps Engineers 1 + 4 2 + 3 4 + 1 Infra Design & Re-architecture Support ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) CTO As A Service ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Centralized Logging ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Weekly Review Meeting On-demand ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Total Admin Hrs 20 Hours 80 Hours 240 Hours Extra Admin Hrs $50/hr $40/hr $30/hr Uptime 99.99% 99.99% 99.99% Cloud Infra Any single cloud Any two cloud Multicloud Hybrid Cloud Support ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) CI/CD ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Infra as a Code Yes (Maintenance only) Yes (Maintenance only) Yes Container Orchestration Yes (Maintenance only) Yes (Cloud Specific & K8s) Yes (Any) Service Mesh Support ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Patch & Security Updates Limited ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Backup Responsibility ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Disaster Recovery ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Architecture Review ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) On Call Support 10hrs / Month 20hrs / Month 40hrs / Month Documentation ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Server Health / Log Analysis ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Target Audience Single Product, Single Org Multiple product, 1+ Cloud, Single Org Multiple projects, MultiCloud, Multiple Deployments Still Confused ? Let’s discuss further #### Lets get connected [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_call.svg)+91 773 638 1410](tel:+917736381410) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_mail.svg)sales@supportsages.com](mailto:sales@supportsages.com) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_x.svg)/supportsages](https://www.instagram.com/support.sages) [![Call Us](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ico_in.svg)/in/supportsages](https://in.linkedin.com/company/supportsages) ![Clutch](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhome%2Fclutch.png&w=384&q=75)![Trustpilot](https://www.supportsages.com/home/tp_widget.svg) Send Now # All your Questions Answered What is DevOps as a Service (DaaS)? DevOps as a Service (DaaS) is a cloud-based delivery model where a service provider offers end-to-end DevOps processes, tools, and expertise to streamline software development and operations. It allows organizations to adopt DevOps practices without building or managing the infrastructure, tools, or expertise in-house. Supportsages provides comprehensive DaaS solutions, including CI/CD pipeline automation, cloud infrastructure management, monitoring, security, and configuration management. By leveraging industry-best DevOps tools and methodologies, Supportsages helps businesses achieve faster deployments, improved scalability, and enhanced operational efficiency When is the right time to automate a process in DevOps? The right time to automate a process in DevOps is when: - • Repetitive Tasks Are Identified: Automation can save time and reduce errors in recurring tasks like testing or deployment. - • Scalability Becomes a Concern: Automation supports seamless scaling of infrastructure or applications. - • Faster Delivery Is Required: When manual processes hinder the speed of software releases. - • Team Resources Are Stretched: Automation frees up team members to focus on innovation rather than manual tasks. - • Quality Assurance Is Critical: Automated testing ensures consistent and reliable results. How do you measure and optimize DevOps performance? DevOps performance is measured using key metrics such as Deployment Frequency, Lead Time for Changes, Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR), and Change Failure Rate. Optimization involves automating workflows, improving CI/CD pipelines, enhancing monitoring, and leveraging feedback loops for continuous improvement. Supportsages helps optimize DevOps by implementing best practices, automation, and real-time monitoring to ensure high efficiency and reliability. How does DevOps increase an organization's system security? DevOps enhances system security by embedding security practices throughout the development lifecycle. It uses a shift-left approach, automated security testing, real-time monitoring, and Infrastructure as Code (IaC) to detect and fix vulnerabilities early. Frequent updates, role-based access controls, and collaboration between teams ensure robust, proactive defense against threats while maintaining system agility. ## Looking for Dedicated DevOps resource? Checkout our Hire a DevOps Engineer plans Get a Callback [Hire a team](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-a-team) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/devops-as-service#) [iframe](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/anchor?ar=1&k=6LeyLnIqAAAAAHyGmGzMKxf8t9xJf0KRm9tBGWB5&co=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc3VwcG9ydHNhZ2VzLmNvbTo0NDM.&hl=en&v=hbAq-YhJxOnlU-7cpgBoAJHb&size=invisible&cb=3jp1oxtyf5lh) ## Source Code Review Services #### Ensuring Code Security with our In-Depth Source Code Reviews Source Code Review (SCR) is a thorough security check of the code behind applications and software. It's like inspecting a building's blueprint to find any hidden flaws or weak spots. By examining the code line by line, SCR aims to uncover security loopholes and bugs that could be exploited by attackers to steal important data. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) ![hero-image](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2F1_hero_illustration_SCR%402x.png&w=1080&q=75) #### Why do you need Source Code Review? The review process helps ensure that crucial security measures are properly implemented and identifies any design flaws or vulnerabilities that might have been overlooked during development. SCR not only pinpoints vulnerable code but also identifies the root cause of the issue, giving developers a clear understanding of the problem and how to fix it. It's an essential step in keeping software and data safe from potential threats. ## Reviewing source code in SecOps is essential for software security. It helps identify and fix vulnerabilities before hackers exploit them, preventing breaches and ensuring compliance with security standards. Integrating source code review into SecOps practices is crucial for maintaining robust security against cyber threats. #### Our Services ### Automated Code Review Automated code reviewing is a cornerstone of modern SecOps practices, acting as a vigilant guardian for your software security. Just as security teams monitor networks for intrusions, automated code reviewing tools scan through your codebase, hunting for vulnerabilities and potential backdoors. By automating this process, SecOps teams can identify security weaknesses early on, bolstering the defenses of their applications against malicious attacks. With automated code reviewing. # SecOps professionals can maintain strict adherence to security best practices and regulatory standards, ensuring that sensitive data is handled securely throughout the development lifecycle. It's an indispensable tool in the arsenal of any SecOps team, enhancing the overall security posture of software applications and safeguarding against cyber threats. ![automated code review](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2Fautomated_review%402x.png&w=750&q=75) ### Our Process of Automated Code Reviewing ###### 01 #### Static Analysis ![static analysis](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FAR_1_static_analysis%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ###### 02 #### Unit Testing ![unit testing](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FAR_2_unit_testing%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ###### 03 #### Code Coverage ![code coverage](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FAR_3_code_coverage%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ###### 04 #### Reporting ![unit testing](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FAR_4_reporting%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ### Manual Code Review Manual Code Reviewing is the backbone of Secure Software Development in SecOps. Like a skilled detective, manual code reviewers meticulously examine every line of code to uncover potential Security Vulnerabilities and coding errors. Unlike automated tools, human reviewers can apply contextual understanding and domain expertise to identify nuanced issues that may elude automated scans. # Manual code reviewing fosters team collaboration and knowledge sharing, boosting security awareness and code quality. SecOps professionals ensure software meets stringent security standards and regulatory requirements through these reviews, strengthening defence against Cyber Threats. This hands-on approach makes manual code reviewing essential in SecOps methodologies. ![manual review code](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2Fmanual_code_review%402x.png&w=750&q=75) ### Our Process of Manual Code Reviewing ###### 01 #### Preparation ![Preparation](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FMR_1_preparation%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ###### 02 #### Actual Review ![Actual Review](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FMR_2_actual_review%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ###### 03 #### Feedback ![Feedback](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FMR_3_feedback%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ###### 04 #### Discussion and Resolution ![Discussion and Resolution](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fsource-code-review%2FMR_4_discussion_resolution%402x.png&w=384&q=75) # All your Questions Answered What are the benefits of using SupportSages for source code review? SupportSages offers a unique blend of human expertise and advanced automation for a more thorough code review. Our certified security engineers meticulously examine your code for security best practices, coding standards adherence, and potential vulnerabilities. This is combined with industry-leading automated scanning tools that identify common coding errors and security risks at scale. This layered approach ensures a comprehensive review, saving you time and resources while also providing insights that manual review alone might miss. How can SupportSages' code review services improve my DevSecOps practices? Strong SecOps practices rely on identifying and mitigating security risks early in the development lifecycle. SupportSages' code review services seamlessly integrate with your DevSecOps pipeline. By identifying vulnerabilities early in the development process, we can help you achieve several key benefits. You can shift left in security, addressing security issues before they reach production and reducing the risk of costly breaches and rework. Our automated tools can flag common errors, freeing up your developers to focus on complex security challenges and improve overall developer efficiency. Finally, our comprehensive review process ensures your code adheres to best practices, leading to more maintainable and secure applications, ultimately enhancing your overall code quality. What types of vulnerabilities can SupportSages identify in my code? Our code review process targets a wide range of vulnerabilities, including cross-site scripting (XSS), insecure direct object references, and buffer overflows. We also go beyond identifying these vulnerabilities. Our team can identify coding practices that could lead to security weaknesses in the future, ensuring your code remains secure over time. How does the code review process work with SupportSages? Our streamlined process begins with a collaborative consultation to understand your specific needs and codebase. We then work with you to customize a review plan that incorporates both manual and automated assessments. After a thorough review, we provide a detailed report outlining the identified issues and recommendations for remediation. This ensures you have a clear understanding of the vulnerabilities and how to address them effectively. # Uncover hidden vulnerabilities and ensure your code is secure and optimized. ## Get Your Free Quote Now! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/source-code-review#) ## Domain Status Codes ## Domain Status Codes ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 7 min read ![Domain Status Codes](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/177) ### 🎧 Your browser does not support the audio element. Domain Status codes have many uses. They can be applied to find why your domain isn’t working and whether it is locked to prevent unauthorized domain transfers.Domain Status codes are also used to suggest the possibility of a domain being dropped. Domain status codes vary by the type of protocol used by the official registry. There are two common registry protocols: \\* **Registry Registrar Protocol (RRP)** \\* **Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)** **Registry Registrar Protocol (RRP) :** It’s a protocol for the registration and management of second level domain names and associated name servers in top level domains and country code top level domains.    There are eight different domain status codes or values in the Registry Registrar Protocol (RRP).The two largest registries (.COM and .NET) and some country code Top Level Domains (TLDs) use these domain status codes.The status codes are **ACTIVE:** The domain can be modified by the registrar. The domain can be renewed. The domain will be included in the zone if the domain has been delegated to at least one name server. The domain name with active status code will not be available for new registration.When a domain is in active status code, it means that the domain name can be transferred from one registrar to another only after completing at least 60 days with your current registrar. **REGISTRY-LOCK:** The domain can not be modified or deleted by the registrar. This means that the registry-lock gives added security to the domain names.The registry must remove the REGISTRY-LOCK status for the registrar to modify the domain. The domain can be renewed. The domain will be included in the zone if the domain has been delegated to at least one name server. Registry lock is a situation that is not very common, but may be imposed when there are domain name disputes or during Redemption period. **REGISTRAR-LOCK:** The sponsoring registrar sets this status. The domain can not be modified or deleted. The registrar must remove REGISTRAR-LOCK status to modify the domain. The domain can be renewed. The domain will be included in the zone. The registrar sets this status to avoid the unwanted changes affecting the domain. Renewal of domain name is possible even if the domain is in registrar lock status. **REGISTRY-HOLD:** The domain is said to be in registry hold if it is not available for use. The domain can not be modified or deleted by the registrar. The registry must remove the REGISTRY-HOLD status for the registrar to modify the domain. The domain can be renewed. The domain will not be included in the zone. Normally the domain name after the expiration of registration goes to this status and during this hold registrant can renew the domain by paying the renewal fees otherwise deleted domain will be kept in a redemption period. **REGISTRAR-HOLD:** THe sponsoring registrar sets this status. It is a status code for expiring domains. The domain can not be modified or deleted it can only be renewed during this period. This hold is put by the registrar when it fails to contact the registrant at the time when renewal is due or if he fails to implement his renewal or if registrars are not paid during the current period. The domain name is kept in this status for 40 days normally and may vary according to the registrars. **REDEMPTIONPERIOD:** The redemption period is the period where a deleted domain may be renewed by the registrant by paying an additional fee. The period refers to 30 days from the date of deletion. A domain name gets deleted within a period of 45 days after the expiry date and if it is not renewed. These domain names that comes under the redemption period are put on a hold by the registrar. During this status the websites and email will stop working for an available period of 30 days. The redemption period is actually the last chance of the registrant to recover the domain name. After the limited time the domain name will be deleted and if the registrar does not request the name to be in registration grace period, then it enters the redemption hold period during which it will be available for re-registration. During this period the domain status may be displayed as “Redemption Period” or “Pending Delete-Restorable” . **PENDING-DELETE:** Pending Delete is a status set by the WHO IS server for a domain name that has not been renewed. In the pending delete restorable state it is possible to recover the domain name by the registrant within the 30 days . The domain can be renewed only by the person listed in the whois record. If he does not pay the renewal fee then the registrar will drop the domain and will be in the pending delete status for exactly 5 days. During this period domain can not recovered,modified or deleted. The domain name will be removed from the Domain Name Server during this phase. **PENDINGRESTORE:** The registry sets this status after a registrar requests restoration of a domain that is in REDEMPTIONPERIOD status. The domain will be included in the zone. Registrar requests to modify or otherwise update the domain will be rejected. The domain will be held in this status while the registry waits for the registrar to provide required restoration documentation. If the registrar fails to provide documentation to the registry within 7 calendar days to confirm the restoration request, the domain will revert to REDEMPTIONPERIOD status. The domain status will be set to ACTIVE only if the registrar provides documentation to the registry within 7 calendar days to confirm the restoration request. **Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP):** The Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) is a flexible protocol designed for allocating objects within registries over the Internet. The .ORG, .BIZ, .INFO and .NAME registries use EPP (Extensible Provisioning Protocol) multiple domain status values unique to each registry . The EPP codes are different from the RRP codes and are easy to interpret. Domains in EPP Registries have a normal operating status of “OK” or “Active.” Other additional domain status codes describe pending operations and restrictions regarding the domain. In EPP, the word CLIENT typically refers to registrar in the RRP system (e.g. CLIENT LOCK is REGISTRAR-LOCK) while the absence of CLIENT or the use of the word SERVER usually refers to Registry (e.g. LOCKED or SERVER LOCK is REGISTRY-LOCK). It is important to note that sometimes (in the case of locks) several EPP status values combine to make a single RRP status. | | | | --- | --- | | **EPP STATUS CODES** | **EQUIVALENT RRP STATUS** | | OK | ACTIVE | | INACTIVE | ACTIVE | | TRANSFER PROHIBITED / CLIENT TRANSFER PROHIBITED | ACTIVE | | TRANSFER PROHIBITED / CLIENT TRANSFER PROHIBITED | ACTIVE | | CLIENT RENEW PROHIBITED | ACTIVE | | PENDING TRANSFER | ACTIVE | | PENDING UPDATE | ACTIVE | | PENDING RENEW | ACTIVE | | PENDING DELETE | PENDINGDELETE | | HOLD / SERVER HOLD | REGISTRY-HOLD | | CLIENT HOLD | REGISTRAR-HOLD | | DELETE PROHIBITED / SERVER DELETE PROHIBITED | REGISTRY-LOCK | | UPDATE PROHIBITED / SERVER UPDATE PROHIBITED | REGISTRY-LOCK | | TRANSFER PROHIBITED / SERVER TRANSFER PROHIBITED | REGISTRY-LOCK | | RENEW PROHIBITED / SERVER RENEW PROHIBITED | REGISTRY-LOCK | | LOCK / SERVER LOCK | REGISTRY-LOCK | | CLIENT DELETE PROHIBITED | REGISTRAR-LOCK | | CLIENT UPDATE PROHIBITED | REGISTRAR-LOCK | | CLIENT TRANSFER PROHIBITED | REGISTRAR-LOCK | | CLIENT LOCK | REGISTRAR-LOCK | | REDEMPTION PERIOD | REDEMPTIONPERIOD | | PENDING RESTORE | PENDINGRESTORE | - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) Disqus Comments We were unable to load Disqus. 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management#) ## Expert Server Admin Team # Hire our highly Skilled Server Admin Team to Secure Your Infrastructure! Our server admins deliver top-tier support, especially when you, as a business owner, demand excellence for your stakeholders. If you're looking for an offshore team to handle your web hosting support, we're your best choice, offering unbeatable value for money. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-a-team#) ![hero illustration hire an admin](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-a-team%2Fhero_illustration_hire_ateam%402x.png&w=1200&q=75) ## Choose SupportSages, for Unmatched Support! Think of us not as an outsourcing service, but as your transparent support partner, committed to delivering the quality you expect. From rigorous training to a strong work culture, our dedicated team prioritizes quality and reliability. Our continuous monitoring ensures that our server admins consistently perform at their best. ### Our 3 Team Plans, serving all your needs! ## Monks Best suited for Best suited for Shared/ Reseller hosting. Plan starts at US $ 3,600/ month ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-a-team%2F1_monks_illustration%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Sages Best suited for Shared/ Reseller/ VPS/ Cloud/ Dedicated hosting with control panels. Plan starts at US $ 5,400/ month ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-a-team%2F2_sages_illustration%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Grand Masters Best suited for Any OS/ Any or no Control Panel/ Any purpose. Plan starts at US $ 7,200/ month ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-a-team%2F3_grandmasters_illustration%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### Team Plan Features 24x7 Support Coverage Vendor Certified Engineers Industry Level of Engineers Sages Level 24/7 Server Monitoring Instant Messenger Support Number of clients per team Max number of managed servers Number of tickets (per day) Number of staffs Helpdesk Support Response time guarantee Resolution time guarantee Backup management Daily Report (On Demand) Whom do they report to Documentation Regular Weekly meetings with Management & Team Individual / Team chat with techs Technical Blogs On call (On Demand) Video Chat (On Demand) Data migration Best suited for Disaster Recovery Desktop Monitoring Niche Market Training Team setup time No Setup fees Total number of staffs (including Backup & AM) Monthly Pricing 24x7 Support Coverage ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Vendor Certified Engineers ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Industry Level of Engineers L1 L2 L3 Sages Level Soldier Warrior Commander 24/7 Server Monitoring ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Instant Messenger Support ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Number of clients per team 1 1 1 Max number of managed servers 100 200 500 Number of tickets (per day) 60L1 / 15L2 / 05L3 90L1 / 30L2 / 15L3 120L1 / 60L2 / 30L3 Number of staffs 4 + 1 4 + 1 4 + 1 Helpdesk Support ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Response time guarantee < 15 mins < 15 mins < 15 mins Resolution time guarantee 6 hours (99%) 3 hours (98%) 1 hour (95%) Backup management ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Daily Report (On Demand) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Whom do they report to Account Manager Account Manager Operations Manager Documentation ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Regular Weekly meetings with AM & Team ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Regular Monthly meetings with Management & CTO ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Technical Blogs ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) 4 Blogs per Month On call (On Demand) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Video Chat (On Demand) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Data migration Websites Servers Datacenter Best suited for Shared / Reseller hosting Shared / Reseller / VPS / Cloud / Dedicated hosting with control panels Any OS / Any or no control panel / Any purpose Disaster Recovery No Maybe Yes Desktop Monitoring On Demand On Demand On Demand Niche Market Training ![no](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_no.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Team setup time < 7 days < 7 days < 14 days No Setup fees ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) ![yes](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_yes.svg) Total number of staffs (including Backup & AM) 6 6 5 Monthly Pricing US $3,600 US $5,400 US $7,200 \\* Involves an initial setup fees. \\*\\* You may be providing specialized hosting and training on issues/technologies related your niche hosting will be provided during the first month of your team. 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-a-team#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-a-team#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-a-team#) ## Compliance as a Service #### One-stop solution for all your ' Compliance as a Service' needs Our Compliance as a Service (CaaS) is a comprehensive solution to help businesses ensure adherence to regulatory requirements, Industry Standards, and Best Practices related to security, Data Privacy, and other Compliance areas. Our CaaS offerings typically encompass a range of services aimed at simplifying and automating compliance processes, thereby reducing the burden on organizations and enabling them to focus on their core business activities.! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/compliance-as-service#) ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fhero_illustration_compliance_v1%402x.png&w=3840&q=75) # Why do you need Compliance as a service? Navigating the ever-changing regulatory landscape can be daunting for businesses. Compliance as a Service (CaaS) provides a comprehensive solution by outsourcing compliance management to experts. Our tailored CaaS offerings enable organizations to streamline compliance processes, mitigate risks, and stay ahead of evolving regulations. From compliance management to risk assessments, incident response planning, and security awareness training, our CaaS empowers businesses to achieve regulatory adherence with ease. ## Partner with us as your trusted compliance experts, allowing you to focus on driving innovation and growth while we safeguard your organization against regulatory pitfalls. We're here to walk alongside you on this journey of transformation, working hand in hand to craft and launch cutting-edge apps that will give your business the edge it needs to thrive. #### We Can Help You Comply with Industry Standards! ## HIPAA Provisioning and scaling cloud resources, configuration management, patching and updates. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fhipaa%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## ISO 27001 An international standard for information security management systems. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fiso_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## PCI DSS For businesses that accept, transmit, or store credit card information. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fpci_dss%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## GDPR For organizations that handle the personal data of European Union residents. ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2FGDPR_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## SOC 2 For businesses that store customer data in the cloud ![](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2FSOC_logo%402x.png&w=256&q=75) #### Our CaaS Services ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fcompliance_gap_assessment%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Compliance Gap Assessment Identify areas where your organization may not be compliant. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fregulatory_monitoring%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Regulatory Monitoring Stay up-to-date on the latest regulations and industry best practices for industries. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fpolicy_procedure_development%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Policy and Procedure Development Create comprehensive compliance policies and procedures tailored to your specific industry requirements. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fcompliance_training%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Compliance Training Educate your employees on relevant regulations and best practices. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fcompliance_reporting%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Compliance Reporting Generate detailed reports to demonstrate compliance to auditors. ![#](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fincident_response_remediation%402x.png&w=384&q=75) ## Incident Response and Remediation Develop a plan to address compliance issues effectively. #### Benefits of our Caas Offering ![Scalable solutions](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fdeep_compliance%20_expertise%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### Deep Compliance Expertise Enables automated provisioning and scaling of resources, allowing you to adapt quickly to changing business demands. ![Scalable solutions](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fproven%20_track_record%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### Proven Track Record Handle routine tasks like infrastructure management, patching, and monitoring, freeing your internal IT resources for strategic initiatives. ![Scalable solutions](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Ftechnology_enabled%20_approach%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### Technology-Enabled Approach Built-in security features and compliance expertise to help you maintain a secure cloud environment. ![Scalable solutions](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fflexible_service_delivery%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### Flexible Service Delivery Help you identify and eliminate resource inefficiencies, leading to lower cloud bills. ![Scalable solutions](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcompliance-as-a-service%2Fscalable_solutions%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ### Scalable Solutions Optimize your cloud infrastructure for performance, ensuring your applications run smoothly and efficiently. ## All your Questions Answered What regulations does your CaaS service cover? Our CaaS service can be customized to address a wide range of regulations, including HIPAA, PCI DSS, GDPR, SOC 2, and more. We will work with you to understand your specific compliance needs and tailor our services accordingly. How can CaaS help my business save money? CaaS can help your business save money in several ways. By eliminating the need for dedicated compliance staff and expensive software, you can reduce your overall compliance costs. Additionally, CaaS can help you avoid fines and penalties associated with non-compliance. What if I don't have a dedicated IT team No problem! Our CaaS service can be tailored to businesses of all sizes and IT capabilities. We can handle all aspects of your compliance needs, regardless of your internal resources. How does CaaS ensure the security of my data? Data security is a top priority for us. We leverage industry-standard security practices and technologies to protect your data throughout the compliance process. How can I get started with CaaS? Contact us today for a free consultation! We will discuss your specific compliance needs and recommend the best CaaS solution for your organization. ## Are you looking for a team to take care of all your Compliance Requirements? ## Book a FREE call with our Compliance Experts! 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/compliance-as-service#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/compliance-as-service#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/compliance-as-service#) ## Expert DevOps Engineers #### Hire Expert DevOps Engineers for Efficient, On-Demand Support Our skilled DevOps Engineers provide seamless, on-demand support to streamline your infrastructure and enhance operational efficiency. Whether you need help with Automation, Continuous Integration, or System Optimization, our experts are ready to ensure your systems run smoothly, reducing downtime and maximizing performance. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) ![hero illustration hire a devops engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2Fhero_illustration_devops%402x.png&w=1920&q=75) # Specialized DevOps Roles: Monitoring, Builder, Reliability and Architects! SupportSages offers a full spectrum of DevOps Engineering expertise, covering all aspects of your infrastructure needs. From advanced monitoring and system optimization to automation, CI/CD pipelines, and infrastructure scalability, our skilled DevOps team ensures smooth operations and peak performance. With flexible plans and skill levels tailored to your business, we provide efficient, scalable solutions at affordable rates, helping you stay ahead in today’s competitive environment. [**DevOps Engineer - Monitoring** \\ \\ Rates starts from\\ \\ **US $1,499 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2F1_monitoring_sml%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#monitoring) [**DevOps Engineer -Builder** \\ \\ Rates starts from\\ \\ **US $2,499 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2F2_builder_sml%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#builder) [**Site Reliability Engineer** \\ \\ Rates starts from\\ \\ **US $3,499 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2F3_realiability_sml%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#engineer) [**DevOps Architect** \\ \\ Rates starts from\\ \\ **US $4,999 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2F4_devops_architect%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#architect) ## DevOps Engineer - Monitoring Hiring a DevOps Monitoring Engineer is crucial for maintaining the health and performance of your systems. Our specialists are adept at implementing comprehensive monitoring solutions that provide real-time visibility into your applications and infrastructure. ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) ## Expertise Levels - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) ~2 years of experience - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) AWS Certified: Cloud Practitioner, Sysops Associate - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support limited to aws cloud infrastructure - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Setup and maintain any one free open source monitoring tool - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Basic CI/CD setup using Jenkins ## Key Responsibilities - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Proactively identify and resolve performance issues. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Set up automated alerting systems for critical incidents. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Create detailed dashboards and reports for system health. ### DevOps Engineer - Monitoring ### US $1,499 / Month ![Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2Fdevops_engineer_monitoring%402x.png&w=640&q=75) Contact us today to elevate your operational efficiency with a dedicated DevOps Engineer - Monitoring ! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)CONTACT US](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) ## DevOps Engineer - Builder A DevOps Engineer - Builder, is essential for streamlining your development and deployment processes. Our experts specialize in designing and implementing Infrastructure as Code (IaC) and automation solutions that accelerate delivery and enhance collaboration. ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) ## Expertise Levels - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) ~4 years of experience - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) AWS Certified: Cloud practitioner, SysOps Associate, Solution Architect, Azure and gcp basic certifications - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Support provided for any cloud infrastructure - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Setup and maintain any monitoring tool - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) CI/CD setup using Jenkins, GitHub actions, Bit Bucket pipelines, Azure pipelines - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Support for basic iac using terraform - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Support for cost optimization ## Key Responsibilities - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Design and implement CI/CD pipelines to automate workflows. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Utilize IaC tools to create scalable and repeatable infrastructure. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Collaborate with development and operations teams for seamless integration. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Optimize deployment processes for faster releases. ### DevOps Engineer - Builder ### US $2,499 / Month ![Builder](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2Fdevops_engineer_builder%402x.png&w=640&q=75) Get in touch with us to hire a DevOps Engineer - Builder and transform your development pipeline! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)CONTACT US](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) ## Site Reliability Engineer (SRE) A Site Reliability Engineer (SRE) is pivotal in bridging the gap between development and operations, focusing on system reliability and performance. Our SREs bring a blend of software engineering and operational expertise to enhance your infrastructure's stability. ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) ## Expertise Levels - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) ~6 year of experience - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) AWS Certified: Cloud Practitioner, Sysops associate, DevOps Professional - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) CKA certified - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Azure and GCP Advance level certifications. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support for any Cloud infrastructure. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Setup and maintain application monritoring and SIEM tool. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Setup CI/CD with security scanning - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Setup entire infra using IaC(any IaC tools) - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support for optimising cost and infrastructure for performance improvements - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support for Kubernetes Workload ## Key Responsibilities - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Develop and implement reliability strategies and practices. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Monitor system performance and proactively address issues. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Automate manual processes to reduce operational burden. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Collaborate on incident management and post-incident analysis. ### Site Reliability Engineer (SRE) ### US $3,499 / Month ![Builder](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2Fsite_reliability_engineer%402x.png&w=640&q=75) Reach out today to secure a skilled Site Reliability Engineer and strengthen your operational resilience! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)CONTACT US](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) ## DevOps Architect A DevOps Architect designs automated infrastructure that enhances scalability, optimizes workflows, and accelerates delivery. By streamlining CI/CD pipelines and integrating security practices, they ensure system reliability and continuous collaboration. Their expertise is key to driving agility and operational excellence in fast-paced development environments. ![thumbs-up](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/ThumbsUp.svg) ## Expertise Levels - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) ~8 year of experience - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) AWS Certified: Cloud Practitioner, SysOps Associate, DevOps Professional, Any Specialty - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) CKA certified - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Azure and GCP Advance level certifications. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support for any Cloud infrastructure. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Setup and maintain application monitoring and SIEM tool. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support any CI/CD tools with Security Scanning. - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support Application load testing - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Setup entire infra using IaC (any IaC tools) - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support for optimising cost and infrastructure for performance improvements - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support for Kubernetes Workload - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Support for any Compliance validation - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Provide architectural suggestions and improvements - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Task Management using Jira ### DevOps Architect ### US $4,999 / Month ![Builder](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-devops-engineer%2Fdevops_architect%402x.png&w=640&q=75) Get in touch with us to hire a DevOps Engineer - Builder and transform your development pipeline! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)CONTACT US](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) ## All your Questions Answered When should I hire DevOps engineers from supportsages ? You should hire DevOps engineers from SupportSages when: - **Optimizing and automating infrastructure :** To streamline deployments, CI/CD, and cloud management. - **Ensuring 24/7 system reliability :** For real-time monitoring and performance optimization. - **Scaling cloud infrastructure :** To design a secure, scalable, and cost-efficient environment. - **Transitioning to DevOps :** For setting up tools, processes, and best practices. - **Lacking in-house expertise :** To access AWS-certified professionals without full-time hiring costs. What makes SupportSages DevOps engineers different? SupportSages DevOps engineers stand out because of: - **Specialized Expertise :** They offer dedicated roles like Monitoring, CI/CD, Site Reliability, and DevOps Architecture to match your exact needs. - **Certified Professionals :** AWS-certified engineers ensure high-quality cloud and infrastructure management. - **Cost-Effective Solutions :** Flexible pricing plans starting at $1,499/month, making expert DevOps services affordable. - **Proactive Monitoring & Support :** 24/7 monitoring, automation, and optimization to minimize downtime and improve performance. - **Customized DevOps Strategies :** Tailored solutions to enhance security, scalability, and operational efficiency. How quickly can I onboard a DevOps engineer through SupportSages for my project? You can onboard a DevOps engineer from SupportSages quickly, typically within a few days, depending on your requirements. Our team ensures a streamlined hiring process, helping you select the right engineer and start working on your infrastructure as soon as possible. Can I hire a DevOps engineer from SupportSages for a short-term or project-based role? Yes, SupportSages offers flexible hiring options, allowing you to hire a DevOps engineer for short-term or project-based roles. Whether you need assistance for a specific project, migration, automation, or system optimization, their team can provide the right expertise without long-term commitments. When should i hire a DevOps Architect from SupportSages? You should hire a DevOps Architect from SupportSages when you need: - **Scalable and Automated Infrastructure :** They design IaC-based infrastructure to ensure efficiency, scalability, and security. - **Advanced CI/CD and Security Integration :** Expertise in CI/CD tools with security scanning, enabling faster and safer deployments. - **Cloud Expertise Across Platforms :** Certified in AWS, Azure, and GCP, providing support for any cloud infrastructure. - **Performance and Cost Optimization :** Helps in load testing, SIEM setup, and infrastructure tuning to enhance performance and reduce costs. - **Kubernetes & Compliance Support :** Ensures Kubernetes workload management and validates compliance for regulatory needs. - **Strategic Architectural Guidance :** Offers architectural improvements and task management using Jira for seamless operations. If you're scaling, optimizing, or securing your cloud environment, a DevOps Architect from SupportSages is the right choice! What are the Pricing Plans for Hiring a DevOps Engineer from SupportSages? SupportSages offers flexible pricing plans based on the expertise level and role you need: - **DevOps Engineer - Monitoring → $1,499/month** 1. Real-time system monitoring and infrastructure support. 2. Setup and maintenance of open-source monitoring tools. - **DevOps Engineer - Builder → $2,499/month** 1. CI/CD pipeline setup and automation. 2. Infrastructure optimization for better performance. - **Site Reliability Engineer → $3,499/month** 1. Ensures system reliability, uptime, and performance optimization. 2. Proactive issue resolution and incident management. - **DevOps Architect → $4,999/month** 1. Advanced infrastructure automation using IaC. 2. Security, compliance validation, and architectural improvements. Each plan is tailored to different business needs. Need help choosing the right one? Contact SupportSages for a consultation! ## Have a custom Requirement? ## Share your needs, and let’s make it happen! [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer#) ## White Label Support Services # White Label Technical Support That Powers Your Business Behind the Scenes Focus on growth we'll handle the tech. We provide specialized, white-label technical support solutions for Digital Agencies, Web Hosting Companies, Managed Service Providers (MSPs), and Software Development Companies. Whether you're building brands, managing servers, supporting users, or launching platforms - we act as your invisible tech team, delivering expert support under your brand name. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)Schedule a Free Consultation](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) ![White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fwhite-label-support%2Fwhite-label-support1.png&w=1080&q=75) ## The Challenge We Solve In today's fast-paced, always-on environment, technical issues can slow your business and damage client trust. Building and managing a full-time support team is expensive, time-consuming, and hard to scale. That's where we come in. We seamlessly integrate with your existing operations to deliver responsive, professional, and brand-aligned technical support via email, tickets, or chat. Whether you need full 24/7 support or flexible coverage during peak hours, our team is ready to help you scale without compromise. ## Who We Support ### Digital Marketing Agencies Focus on strategy, creative, and results while we take care of the technical side for your clients. From website tweaks to analytics setup, we work behind the scenes under your brand to keep things running smoothly. We support your agency with: ✓WordPress, Shopify, Wix & landing page support ✓Google Analytics 4 (GA4), GTM, Facebook Pixel setup & testing ✓DNS, hosting, email setup & troubleshooting ✓SMTP, SPF, DKIM, DMARC configuration for email deliverability ✓Website speed optimization & mobile responsiveness ✓Page builders (Elementor, Divi, Webflow) troubleshooting ✓Plugin/theme updates & security hardening ✓Form integrations (HubSpot, Mailchimp, Zoho, etc.) ✓CRM/API connection support ✓White-label communication with fast turnaround times We become your technical arm helping you deliver more value to clients without hiring in-house tech staff. ### Web Hosting Companies Deliver 24/7 expert hosting support without the overhead of managing a large in-house team. We operate under your brand, providing fast, knowledgeable assistance that keeps your customers happy and loyal. We support your hosting business with: ✓Level 1-3 technical support via ticket, chat, or email ✓Control panel expertise: cPanel, WHM, DirectAdmin, Plesk, CyberPanel ✓Email troubleshooting, DNS configuration, SSL installation ✓Website migrations & server-side diagnostics ✓Virtualization platforms: KVM, OpenVZ, VMware, Proxmox ✓VPS and shared hosting support ✓Backup and restoration assistance ✓Server monitoring, patching, and uptime response ✓WHMCS, Upmind, HostBill, ClientExec, Blesta, WiseCP setup, billing integration, and white-label ticket handling ✓Tailored SOPs to match your brand voice and support flow We become your reliable backend team ensuring smooth operations while you focus on growing your hosting business. [Explore our web hosting support solution](https://www.supportsages.com/product-support) ### Managed Service Providers (MSPs) Boost client satisfaction and expand your service capabilities with backend technical support that operates quietly under your brand. We support your MSP business with: ✓Endpoint troubleshooting & remote assistance ✓Email and productivity suite support - Microsoft 365, Google Workspace, Zimbra, MailSuite, OpenMX, Axigen, IceWarp, Kerio Connect, and other on-premise-friendly solutions ✓Network and system diagnostics ✓Remote monitoring and proactive response handling ✓Backup configuration, monitoring & recovery support - Acronis, Veeam, MSP360, and more ✓Security assistance - firewall setup, patching, threat alerts, and basic vulnerability triaging ✓DMARC setup and email deliverability optimization ✓User management & access control ✓Ticket-based or live support under your brand ✓Helpdesk and PSA tools - ConnectWise, Zendesk, Freshdesk, Zoho Desk, ServiceDesk Plus, etc. We help you deliver fast, reliable tech support without increasing your internal workload - so you can focus on growing client relationships and recurring revenue. ### Software Development Companies Let your developers focus on building while we manage your support, infrastructure, and user communications behind the scenes. We support your team with: ✓Tiered technical support (Level 1-3) ✓SaaS platform troubleshooting & issue resolution ✓User onboarding, training & documentation assistance ✓API integration and compatibility support ✓DevOps & CloudOps support (CI/CD pipelines, monitoring, automation) ✓Cloud infrastructure management (AWS, Azure, GCP) ✓Application & data migration services ✓Server setup, optimization & ongoing management ## What We Offer ### White-Label Technical Support ### Multi-Channel Coverage ### 24/7 Availability (Optional) ### Expert Team, Scalable Model ### Custom Workflows & SOPs We follow your process or help design one. Total flexibility. ## Why Choose Us? ✓100% White-Label - We work under your brand identity ✓Skilled Tech Team - Hosting, SaaS, MSP, and dev-savvy ✓Flexible Engagement - One-off, monthly, or 24/7 retainer ✓Cost-Efficient - Eliminate the overhead of building a support team ✓Fast Response, Real Results - We take your client experience seriously ## Why Brands Rely on Us for White Label Technical Support Companies choose us as their white label technical support partner because we offer the perfect balance of technical expertise, cultural awareness, and reliable service. Our team understands the high expectations around professionalism, data privacy (including GDPR compliance), and clear communication that European clients demand. With flexible coverage that aligns with time zones, fast response times, and support tailored to your business model, we seamlessly integrate into your operations helping you scale efficiently while maintaining your brand's reputation. We also add value through business continuity support. In case of regional disruptions like natural calamities or connectivity outages, having a dependable offshore team ensures your support operations remain uninterrupted. It's a strategic layer of resilience delivered at a marginal cost but critical when continuity matters most. Whether you're based in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, or beyond, we deliver support that feels local, even when it's remote. ## Smart Support Starts Here Whether you're a digital agency, a web hosting company, an MSP, or a software development firm, your clients expect fast, reliable technical support - and now, you can deliver it without the cost or complexity of managing it yourself. With our white label technical support services, you stay focused on growth while we take care of the technical heavy lifting - quietly, professionally, and under your brand. Let’s Build a Smarter Support System Together 📞Schedule a Free Consultation ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support#) ## Security Consultation Internships internship not found. [Back](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#current-openings) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/internships/security-consultation#) ## Hire Server Admins # Hire an Efficient and Versatile Server Admin to Safeguard your servers! Hosting companies need different admin skills as they grow, but hiring in-house can be costly. SupportSages' 'Hire an Expert' plan offers affordable remote server administrators with multi-level expertise. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) ![hero illustration hire an admin](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2F0_illustration_hire_admin%402x.png&w=1200&q=75) ## Pocket Friendly Plans, Tailored for all your needs! With SupportSages' diverse range of server admin hiring plans, you'll experience minimized downtime, increased productivity, and the assurance that your server management is expertly handled. Choose from our tailored plans to find the perfect fit for your needs and turn your server management challenges into opportunities for growth. [**Soldier** \\ \\ Level 1 Server Administration,\\ \\ The plan starts from\\ \\ **US $999 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2F1_soldier%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#soldier) [**Warrior** \\ \\ Level 2 Server Administration,\\ \\ The plan starts from\\ \\ **US $1,499 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2F2_warrior%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#warrior) [**Commander** \\ \\ Level 3 Server Administration,\\ \\ The plan starts from\\ \\ **US $1,999 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2F3_commander%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#commander) [**Zen Master** \\ \\ Level 3E Escalation Support\\ \\ The plan starts from\\ \\ **US $2,499 / Month**\\ \\ ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2F4_Zen_Master%402x.png&w=384&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#zenMaster) ## Level 1 - Soldier The Level 1 Support plan is perfect for businesses with a manageable support queue, where most inquiries fall into Level 1 and Level 2 categories. If your team handles a high volume of basic and intermediate requests, but fewer complex issues, this plan ensures efficient and timely responses. It's an ideal solution to maintain smooth operations without overcommitting resources to advanced support needs. ### Dedicated Staff - Server Admin (Soldier) ### US $999 / Month ![soldier](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2FLevel1_Soldier%402x.png&w=640&q=75) #### Soldier Plan Features - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 20% Industry certified - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Basic scripting knowledge - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Varying level of technology exposure - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Will be under direct supervision of Level III administrator - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Good in at least one OS - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Daily Shift report - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Account Migration - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 20-40 Level I tickets - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server Monitoring - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 10-20 Level II tickets - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Desk Management - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 1-5 Level III tickets ## Level 2 - Warrior The Level 2 Support plan is designed for businesses with moderately active support queues that require prompt and efficient handling. It’s particularly well-suited for shared servers, where service-related issues frequently arise and need immediate attention. By opting for this plan, you ensure that your support team is equipped to manage common issues effectively, keeping your operations running smoothly and your clients satisfied. ### Dedicated Staff - Server Admin (Warrior) ### US $1,499 / Month ![soldier](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2FLevel2_Warrior%402x.png&w=640&q=75) #### Warrior Plan Features - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Good level of technology exposure - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Excellent in at least one OS & good in many others - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Excellent in BASH Scripting & intermediate in Perl / PHP / Python - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Server Migration - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Service Management - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Server Reboot - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Log Analysis - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Can supervise a three member team - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Basic server administration - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Daily shift report - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Console access - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) 40-70 Level I tickets - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) 20-50 Level II tickets - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) 10-20 Level III tickets ## With SupportSages, you're not just buying a service; you're gaining a reliable partner committed to your success. Talk to our HelpDesk Support Experts to help you choose the right Server Admin Plan. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin) ![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2Fss_team%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## Level 3 - Commander The Level 3 Server Administration plan is expertly designed for NOCs and Data Centers, ensuring top-notch support. Under this plan, every administrator is a Level 3 expert, equipped with advanced technical skills to handle complex server issues and mitigate attacks. Our skilled team provides exceptional management and security, safeguarding your critical infrastructure. Choose our Level 3 plan for unparalleled protection and expertise in server administration. ### Dedicated Staff - Server Admin (Commander) ### US $1,999 / Month ![soldier](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2Flevel3_commander%402x.png&w=640&q=75) #### Commander Plan Features - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) High level of technology exposure - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Advanced Server and Network administration - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Advanced scripting skills (BASH/PHP/Python/Perl) - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Disaster management - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Can lead a technical department like VPS/Shared/Dedicated - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Console Access - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server Migration - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 40-70 Level I tickets - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server Management - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 20-50 Level II tickets - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server Reboot - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) 10-20 Level III tickets - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Log Analysis - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected.svg) Excellent in at least two Operating Systems & have exposure in many others ## Level 3E - Zen Master Zen Masters, also known as Level 3 support experts, represent the pinnacle of technical expertise and experience. These seasoned administrators have navigated a wide range of demanding and diverse systems, honing their skills through countless complex challenges. Their extensive knowledge and unparalleled resourcefulness make them invaluable assets, capable of resolving even the most critical issues with precision and efficiency. In high-pressure environments, they serve as the ultimate reference point, providing guidance and solutions that drive success and ensure stability. ### Dedicated Staff - Server Admin (Zen Master) ### US $2,499 / Month ![soldier](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2Flevel3e_zen_master%402x.png&w=640&q=75) #### Warrior Plan Features - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Extensive technical competency - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Excellent scripting skills - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Keep abreast with the latest developments in the industry - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Disaster Management and Recovery - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Ability to make informed decisions based on situations - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk/icn_radio_selected_green.svg) Can design and implement custom/critical systems ### Specially trained for! - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server Performance Optimization - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Fail over and Redundancy systems - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Server/ Kernel/ Network Tweaking and Customization - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Vulnerability Identification and patching - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Security Audit and Enhancement - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Cyber Forensics and Server recovery - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Remote Infrastructure Management and Consultancy - ![icon](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin/icn_radio_selected.svg) Escalated issue handling ![badge](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fhire-an-admin%2Fspecial_badge%402x.png&w=256&q=75) ## All your Questions Answered What’s Level 1 or Soldier Support? Soldier / Level 1 tech is the first point of contact for your clients. They are typically 6 months to 2 years experienced in the webhosting industry. They will have foundational technical skills and solid understanding of customer service. A Soldier (L1 tech) have basic technical knowledge : **Operating Systems** : Familiarity with Linux and Windows server environments, especially basic command-line skills for Linux (e.g., checking processes, disk usage, etc.) and basic windows server skills (e.g., restarting services, user and permission management, event viewer basics, etc.) **Web Hosting Basics** : Knowledge of hosting control panels like cPanel, Plesk, and familiarity with WordPress and other CMS platforms. **DNS and Domain Management** : Understanding of DNS configurations, records (A, MX, CNAME), and basic troubleshooting for common DNS-related issues. **Email Troubleshooting** : Knowledge of basic email protocols (IMAP, POP3, SMTP) and experience troubleshooting common email issues. **Networking Fundamentals** : Basic understanding of IP addresses, subnets, ping tests, and traceroutes to troubleshoot connectivity issues, experience with FTP/SFTP for file management on servers. **Guided Troubleshooting** : Ability to follow standard troubleshooting steps to resolve issues, such as checking error logs, restarting services, and performing basic diagnostics. **Ticket Escalation** : Knowing when to escalate to higher-level technicians (L2 or L3) if issues are complex or beyond their scope. **Basic Security Measures** : Understanding of basic security protocols, such as secure passwords, basic firewall rules, and knowledge of malware scanning tools. Level 1 techs may not have deep server management skills, but they can handle straightforward issues independently. Soldiers can address common client issues, troubleshoot basic problems, and escalate when necessary. What’s Level 2 or Warrior Support? Most sought after Tech level! Ideally in a team of 10, 6 of them will be L2, 2 of them will be L1 and 2 will be L3. A Level 2 (Warrior/L2) tech has a typical industry experience of 1 year to 3 years and will have a more advanced understanding of server management, troubleshooting, and customer service than a Level 1 tech. They handle escalated issues and often work directly on server-level tasks, with responsibilities that require a mix of in-depth technical knowledge and problem-solving skills. Their skillsets may be varying. Some of our Warriors are well versed in Linux only as they may have worked on Linux boxes during their L1 stint, while few of them will be jack of all, understanding the tech stacks of the industry in its breadth (more of breadth!) and depth. **Server Administration**: Proficiency in managing Linux (often Almalinux, RockyLinux, Ubuntu) and Windows servers. They are comfortable with command-line operations - even of hosting control panels, server configurations, and service management. **Web Server Management** : Familiarity with web servers like Apache, Nginx, and LiteSpeed, including configuration, optimization, and troubleshooting. **Database Management** : Intermediate knowledge of MySQL, Postgres, MSSQL, and other databases like MongoDB. They know how to perform backups, restores, indexing, and to troubleshoot database-related issues, but they may not be knowing master-slave cluster setup, database tuning etc. **Advanced DNS Management** : Familiarity in managing the DNS server without a control panel. **Email Server Management** : Strong understanding of mail servers (e.g., Postfix, Exim), anti-spam configurations, and handling complex email deliverability issues (e.g., SPF, DKIM, DMARC records). **Security Troubleshooting** : Ability to diagnose and handle security incidents (e.g., malware infections, unauthorized access). Familiarity with intrusion detection, firewall rules, and security tools like Maldet, BitNinja, Monarx, Imunify360, ClamAV or ModSecurity. **Basic Performance Tuning** : Skills to diagnose and optimize server performance, such as identifying high-resource-consuming processes, setting up caching mechanisms etc. **Documentation** : Proficiency in creating and updating internal documentation, troubleshooting guides, and client-facing knowledge base articles. **Collaboration and Mentorship** : Frequently responsible for guiding Level 1 techs on complex troubleshooting or operational tasks. What’s Level 3 or Commander Support? At SupportSages, a Level 3 tech - our “Commanders” - handles complex technical tasks and advanced infrastructure management. Here’s a breakdown of their expertise and why they’re invaluable for your managed dedicated servers or VPS environments: **1\. Why is an L3 tech ideal for datacenter management?** L3 techs have deep knowledge of system architecture, troubleshooting, and server management, making them essential for maintaining stability, optimizing performance, and handling escalations. Two of our L3 techs can effectively manage up to 500 servers, with 24/7 coverage typically requiring no more than four L3 techs. **2\. What types of tasks does an L3 tech handle?** L3 techs focus on specialized, high-impact tasks like: **Server Automation and Clustering:** Efficient server setups, clustering, and custom configurations. **Advanced Troubleshooting:** R&D, diagnosing boot issues, and performing complex diagnostics. **Observability Platform Setup:** Building monitoring frameworks, allowing L1 techs to monitor effectively. **Runbook Creation:** Writing detailed procedures for L1 techs to handle alerts with confidence. **3\. Can I hire an L3 tech just for monitoring?** L3 techs are better suited for strategic tasks rather than routine monitoring. Instead, we recommend they set up observability platforms and runbooks so that L1 techs can handle the monitoring. **4\. What skills does an L3 tech bring to the table?** **System Management:** Advanced Linux and Windows server operations, kernel modifications, and OS optimizations. **Virtualization & Containerization:** Proficiency in Qemu, KVM, VMware, Docker, and more for scalable management. **Security:** Expertise in penetration testing, encryption, and incident response. **High-Availability Databases:** Advanced clustering and replication in MySQL, PostgreSQL, and NoSQL databases. **Performance Optimization:** Tuning OS, web servers, and databases for maximum performance. **Technology Evaluation:** Researching new tools and methodologies to keep infrastructure secure and modern. **5\. Looking for DevOps skills?** If you need DevOps expertise in scalable architecture, Kubernetes, IaC, or configuration management, our L3E/Zen Master is your go-to expert. What’s Level 3E or Zen Master Support? ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-an-admin#) ## FinOps as a Service # Unlock the True Potential of your Cloud Investments with our FinOps as a Service In today’s dynamic cloud computing landscape, optimisation and governance of cloud costs is not just an option; it’s a necessity. That’s where FinOps as a Service from SupportSages comes in. We empower you to harness the power of the cloud without the burden of managing its costs. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)TALK TO AN EXPERT](https://www.supportsages.com/finops-as-a-service#) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Ffaas%2Fhero.png&w=1080&q=75) ![Advantages of Finops as a service](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/advantage.svg) ## FaaS Advantage Our FinOps as a service (FaaS) empowers organizations to streamline cloud cost management, enhance financial flexibility, and make informed decisions that maximize cloud investment returns. Through partnerships with leading FinOps tool providers, we offer a centralized platform for comprehensive cloud cost management, enabling you to track usage, optimize spending, and drive business value. #### 32% Organizations are watsting a staggering 32% of their cloud spending, amounting to a total of $35 billion #### 09% Only 9% of organizations have adopted a mature FinOps practice to effectively manage thieir cloud costs #### 41% 41% cloud resources are over provisioned , leading to a wasted cloud spending #### 96% Importance of FinOps is widely recoganized, with 96% of organizations acknowledging its value in manageing cloud costs effectively ## Core Benefits ### How FaaS is helping your business Our FinOps as a service (FaaS) empowers organizations to streamline cloud cost management, enhance financial flexibility, and make informed decisions that maximize cloud investment returns. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_01.svg) #### Leverage Expertise & Experience Identify and eliminate unnecessary cloud expenses, right-size infrastructure, and negotiate better deals, ensuring significant cost savings ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_02.svg) #### Unleash Innovation Free up IT resources from the complexities of cloud cost management to focus on driving innovation and strategic initiatives. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_03.svg) #### Strengthen Cloud Governance Implement robust policies, procedures, and expert guidance to control spending, prevent unauthorized access, and maintain compliance ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_04.svg) #### Enhance Financial Agility Gain real-time visibility into cloud spending with FinOps solutions, enhancing financial agility for organizational growth and success ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_05.svg) #### Foster Accountability Establish clear accountability for cloud spending through advanced tools and reporting dashboards that track usage and costs at both team and individual levels ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_06.svg) #### Streamline cloud cost management Automate tedious tasks, including tagging, cost allocation, and reporting, with advanced FinOps solutions, freeing up your IT team's time for more strategic initiatives ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_07.svg) #### Optimize Cloud Costs Identify and eliminate unnecessary cloud expenses, right-size infrastructure, and negotiate better deals, ensuring significant cost savings ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_08.svg) #### Mitigate cost overrun Protect your organization from unexpected cloud cost overruns with our real-time monitoring and alerting system, identifying and addressing potential issues promptly. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_09.svg) #### Gain unparalleled cloud spending visibility Utilize consolidated dashboards and reports for comprehensive insights into cloud usage and costs, providing complete control over cloud investments. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/cb_10.svg) #### Reduce Internal IT Burden Identify and eliminate unnecessary cloud expenses, right-size infrastructure, and negotiate better deals, ensuring significant cost savings ## Phases of FinOps We can help you achieve maximum returns on cloud costs ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/ph_01.svg) ### Inform Gain visibility into cloud spending and establish a baseline for future optimization efforts ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/ph_02.svg) ### Optimize Identify and implement cost saving Measures ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/ph_03.svg) ### Operate Maintain and continuously Improve FinOps practices ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/ph_info_1.svg) ### Development of FinOps Methodology Our team of seasoned FinOps experts will leverage their extensive cloud cost management expertise, honed through years of experience, and in-depth knowledge of cloud provider-specific tools and services to craft a customized FinOps methodology unique to your organization. Our team of seasoned FinOps experts will leverage their extensive cloud cost management expertise, honed through years of experience, and in-depth knowledge of cloud provider-specific tools and services to craft a customized FinOps methodology unique to your organization. ### Implementation of FinOps Tools Our team of seasoned FinOps experts will leverage their extensive cloud cost management expertise, honed through years of experience, and in-depth knowledge of cloud provider-specific tools and services to craft a customized FinOps methodology unique to your organization. ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/ph_info_2.svg) ![DOaas](https://www.supportsages.com/faas/ph_info_3.svg) ### Consultation Services Our team of seasoned FinOps experts will leverage their extensive cloud cost management expertise, honed through years of experience, and in-depth knowledge of cloud provider-specific tools and services to craft a customized FinOps methodology unique to your organization. ## Our FinOps As a Service Approach STEP 4 ### Tailored FinOps Strategy we create a FinOps roadmap aligned with your cloud environment, usage patterns, and business objectives, encompassing tools, governance policies, and reporting dashboards STEP 5 ### Pilot Project Demonstrating FinOps effectiveness, we propose a pilot project on a specific cloud service or application, allowing us to test our approach, gather feedback, and refine our strategy before full-scale implementation STEP 6 ### Full-Scale Implementation Seamlessly implementing the comprehensive FinOps solution, we provide training and ongoing support to your IT teams. Continuous monitoring of your cloud usage, costs, and performance enables us to recommend optimization strategies and cost-saving measures STEP 7 ### Continuous Monitoring and Optimization FinOps is an ongoing process; we maintain close collaboration with you, continuously monitoring your cloud environment, identifying optimization opportunities, and making recommendations to maximize the value of FinOps STEP 1 ### Foundation Establishment We establish a robust client connection by understanding your cloud usage patterns, spending habits, and business goals, ensuring our FinOps approach is precisely tailored to meet your specific needs STEP 2 ### Assessment and Discovery Conducting a thorough evaluation of your cloud environment, we analyze provider usage, resource allocation, cost patterns, and potential risks, identifying areas for improvement and optimization opportunities STEP 3 ### Education and Awareness Empowering you with knowledge, we offer educational sessions introducing FinOps principles, benefits, and its potential impact on your cloud operations, ensuring alignment among all stakeholders STEP 4 ### Tailored FinOps Strategy we create a FinOps roadmap aligned with your cloud environment, usage patterns, and business objectives, encompassing tools, governance policies, and reporting dashboards STEP 5 ### Pilot Project Demonstrating FinOps effectiveness, we propose a pilot project on a specific cloud service or application, allowing us to test our approach, gather feedback, and refine our strategy before full-scale implementation STEP 6 ### Full-Scale Implementation Seamlessly implementing the comprehensive FinOps solution, we provide training and ongoing support to your IT teams. Continuous monitoring of your cloud usage, costs, and performance enables us to recommend optimization strategies and cost-saving measures STEP 7 ### Continuous Monitoring and Optimization FinOps is an ongoing process; we maintain close collaboration with you, continuously monitoring your cloud environment, identifying optimization opportunities, and making recommendations to maximize the value of FinOps STEP 1 ### Foundation Establishment We establish a robust client connection by understanding your cloud usage patterns, spending habits, and business goals, ensuring our FinOps approach is precisely tailored to meet your specific needs STEP 2 ### Assessment and Discovery Conducting a thorough evaluation of your cloud environment, we analyze provider usage, resource allocation, cost patterns, and potential risks, identifying areas for improvement and optimization opportunities STEP 3 ### Education and Awareness Empowering you with knowledge, we offer educational sessions introducing FinOps principles, benefits, and its potential impact on your cloud operations, ensuring alignment among all stakeholders STEP 4 ### Tailored FinOps Strategy we create a FinOps roadmap aligned with your cloud environment, usage patterns, and business objectives, encompassing tools, governance policies, and reporting dashboards STEP 5 ### Pilot Project Demonstrating FinOps effectiveness, we propose a pilot project on a specific cloud service or application, allowing us to test our approach, gather feedback, and refine our strategy before full-scale implementation STEP 6 ### Full-Scale Implementation Seamlessly implementing the comprehensive FinOps solution, we provide training and ongoing support to your IT teams. Continuous monitoring of your cloud usage, costs, and performance enables us to recommend optimization strategies and cost-saving measures STEP 7 ### Continuous Monitoring and Optimization FinOps is an ongoing process; we maintain close collaboration with you, continuously monitoring your cloud environment, identifying optimization opportunities, and making recommendations to maximize the value of FinOps - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 ## All your Questions Answered How would FinOps as a service help your business? FinOps helps businesses optimize cloud costs, improve ROI, enhance collaboration between teams, and make data-driven decisions. It provides real-time visibility, ensures financial accountability, and enables proactive cost management to scale efficiently. When should an organization implement FinOps? An organization should implement FinOps in one or more of the below situations: • Cloud Adoption Begins: To establish cost management practices early in the cloud journey. • Cloud Costs Escalate: When spending increases significantly without clear accountability. • Complex Cloud Environments: In multi-cloud or hybrid setups where cost tracking is challenging. • Compliance and Auditing Needs: To ensure financial transparency and regulatory compliance. • Cross-Functional Collaboration is Required: When engineering, finance, and operations teams need alignment on cloud costs. Will SupportSages customize FinOps services for specific business needs? Yes, SupportSages offers tailored FinOps solutions designed to meet unique business requirements. This includes: • Customized Strategies: Aligning cost optimization efforts with your business goals. • Tool Integration: Incorporating existing tools and systems into the FinOps workflow. • Scalable Solutions: Adapting to business size and cloud usage patterns. • Industry-Specific Approaches: Addressing challenges unique to your sector, such as healthcare compliance or e-commerce scalability. • Dedicated Support: Providing ongoing consultation and adjustments based on evolving needs. Why do businesses that implement FinOps see long-term financial benefits? Businesses gain long-term financial benefits from FinOps because: • Improved Cost Efficiency: Continuously identifies savings opportunities in cloud usage. • Informed Decision-Making: Provides actionable insights for smarter resource allocation. • Enhanced Collaboration: Aligns teams to work together on cost accountability and optimization. • Sustainable Scalability: Ensures cloud costs grow proportionally to business needs. • Better ROI: Maximizes the value of cloud investments through efficient utilization and reduced waste. • Financial Predictability: Improves budget forecasting and planning. #### Stay notified with our updates We wont spam you with offers and irritating marketing mails. 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/finops-as-a-service#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/finops-as-a-service#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/finops-as-a-service#) ## AWS WAFR Webinar # Join Our Webinar ## On AWS Well-Architected Framework Review 1 2 3 Date: March 13, 2025 Time: 3 PM IST Register Now ## Speakers ![Speaker 1](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fabout%2FSanooja.jpg&w=640&q=75) Sanooja Technical Manager (DevOps) SupportSages ![Speaker 2](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fabout%2Fabhilash.jpg&w=640&q=75) Abhilash P Chief Technology Officer SupportSages ## Key Takeaways In this insightful webinar on the AWS Well-Architected Framework Review (WAFR), discover how to enhance your cloud architecture to meet the highest standards of security, reliability, and cost optimization. Gain practical tips from industry experts and understand how WAFR can transform your cloud operations. - Learn the six pillars of the AWS Well-Architected Framework. - Discover best practices for cost optimization and operational efficiency. - Understand how to identify and remediate architectural risks effectively. - Explore real examples of successful WAFR implementations. - Get your questions answered during the interactive Q&A session. ## Want to know more about AWS Well-Architected Framework Review? [Click here to explore!](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review) ## AWS WAFR Campaign:Register for the Webinar Join us to explore how AWS can transform your business operations. 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Enjoy a zero-cost evaluation, unlock a $5000 AWS credit, and also benefit from AWS funding programs. [![talk2](https://www.supportsages.com/home/icn_talk.svg)BOOK A FREE CONSULTATION](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) ![Support Sages](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/hero.svg) ![Supportsages WAfR services](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Faws_war%2Fwar_sub.png&w=828&q=75) ## About ![Supportsages AWS WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/aws-icon.svg) WAFR The framework empowers organizations to enhance the quality, security, reliability and performance efficiency of their cloud infrastructure and applications. Think of it as your essential guide, laying the foundation for creating, deploying, and maintaining a secure, high-performing, resilient, and cost-effective AWS cloud environment. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_chart.svg) ### Operational Excellence Optimize system efficiency through automation, documentation, and continuous improvement. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_hand.svg) ### Reliability Optimize system efficiency through automation, documentation, and continuous improvement. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Faws_war%2Fpillars.png&w=1080&q=75) ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_piggy.svg) ### Cost Optimization Optimize system efficiency through automation, documentation, and continuous improvement. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_speedo.svg) ### Performance Efficiency Optimize system efficiency through automation, documentation, and continuous improvement. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_lock.svg) ### Security Optimize system efficiency through automation, documentation, and continuous improvement. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_green.svg) ### Sustainability Optimize system efficiency through automation, documentation, and continuous improvement. ## Why Conduct a Well-Architected Framework Review? 01Cost Saving 02Alignment with Best Practices 03Improved Security 04Customer Trust & Reputation 05Enhanced Resilience 06Better Performance ## What we do ### Initial Review Identify the workload to document. Then answer a series of questions about your architecture against the six pillars established by the Well-Architected Framework Review. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_coudarch.svg)Cloud Architect ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_accounts.svg)Account Executive ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_team.svg)Your Project Team ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_time.svg)30 Minutes ### Well-Architected Framework Review Use the AWS Well-Architected tool to evaluate and assess your current solutions, and then we’ll help you architect new innovative products and services. We talk directly to people involved with maintaining and developing your current environment to get a 360-degree view of your process ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_coudarch.svg)Cloud Architect ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_team.svg)Your Project Team ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_time.svg)6 Hours ### Findings Evaluation We will present our findings and reports, which includes what parts of your environment is well-architected, needs improvement, and have critical issues. We will also work collaboratively to create a prioritized plan to remediate 45% of the critical findings from the Well-Architected Review. ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_coudarch.svg)Cloud Architect ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_team.svg)Your Project Team ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_time.svg)60 Minutes ### Remediation Meeting During this session, our Solutions Architect will tackle and resolve identified issues, providing hands-on implementation of remedies for selected High-Risk Items (HRIs). Opt for our Solutions Architect to guide your team through live remediation or instruct your team on implementing the solutions ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_coudarch.svg)Cloud Architect ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_team.svg)Your Project Team ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_time.svg)02 Hours ### Funding Application As we conclude your Well-Architected Review, we'll review the implemented remedies, handle the funding submission to AWS on your behalf, and present additional funding opportunities or potential future projects for your consideration ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_coudarch.svg)Cloud Architect ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_accounts.svg)Account Executive ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_team.svg)Your Project Team ![Supportsages WAR services](https://www.supportsages.com/aws_war/ico_time.svg)30 Minutes ## Book a FREE Introductory call with us! Use the AWS Well-Architected Framework tool to evaluate and assess your current solutions, and then we’ll help you architect ## Ready to level up your business? Choose us to conduct the review and join our happy clientele #### 35+ AWS Certified Experts #### 50+ Successfull Well Archtectured Reviews #### 50+ Happy Clients [Contact Us](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages "") #### Hear it from our clients Throughout our five-year partnership, SupportSages has remained an integral part of our company. Their 24/7 support and commitment to promptly resolving issues have consistently exceeded our expectations. We've successfully completed multiple migrations across various cloud providers. Their expertise in managing K8s on various cloud platforms has helped us achieve optimized costs operations, and efficiency. ### FAYAZ BIN ABDU ###### CTO, BestDoc Technologies As an AWS Well-Architected Review partner for us, SupportSages has truly been a life-changer for us. Engagement helped us achieve 70% reduction in our aws infra costs. With the detail analysis and recommendations provided through zero cost WAR exercise, Sages played an important role in maximizing efficiently, cost optimization and scalability! ### MANHAR DAS ###### Amrita Implementing Infrastructure as Code (Terraform IaC) to deploy our workload has significantly enhanced deployment efficiency across multiple environments. The 24/7 on-call support offered in DOaaS has been a lifesaver on numerous occasions. ### SHINE C WILSON ###### CTO, Zapare Technologies ## AWS WAFR: all your questions answered What are the benefits of a Well-Architected Framework Review (WAFR) A Well-Architected Framework Review (WAFR) ensures your cloud infrastructure aligns with best practices, optimizing performance, reliability, security, cost-efficiency, and operational excellence. It identifies risks, improves system scalability, and offers actionable insights to achieve business goals. Who should participate in Well-Architected Framework Review sessions? Participating in Well-Architected Framework Review sessions helps identify architectural gaps, optimize performance, enhance security, improve cost efficiency, ensure reliability, and align your cloud strategy with industry best practices. It also provides actionable insights to drive continuous improvement and scalability. Does the AWS review focus on any specific types of workloads? No, the AWS Well-Architected Framework Review (WAFR) can be conducted for any type of workload, whether it's a production environment, staging, development, or testing. However, AWS offers a reward of up to $5,000 in AWS credits only for workloads running in a production environment. While your workload may meet the eligibility criteria, please note that the credits are not guaranteed and are subject to AWS approval after their internal review. How frequently should Well-Architect Reviews be conducted? It is a cyclical process. Well-Architected Reviews should be conducted annually or whenever significant changes occur in your workloads, architecture, or business goals. Regular reviews ensure continuous alignment with best practices and evolving cloud requirements. ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/aws-well-architected-review#) ## Business Development Associate Role # Business Development Associate As a Business Development Associate, you will support our business development team by researching potential clients, preparing sales materials, and assisting in strategy development. Responsibilities : - Achieving sales targets and developing sales strategies. - Responsible for generating leads, making warm and cold calls and following up - with potential customers. - Build and maintain relationships with clients and prospects - Handle and resolve customer questions, inquiries, and complaints. - Conduct market research to evaluate gaps, opportunities, and alien needs. - Preparing and sending quotes and proposals. - Participating in sales team meetings. What we look for in the candidates? - Excellent English communication skill is a must (both written and oral). - Ability to build rapport with clients. - Exceptional interpersonal and customer service skills. - Good negotiation and problem-solving skills. - Passionate in tele-sales - Ability to adapt and grow in a competitive environment - Experience in IT Sales will be an added advantage What do we offer? - Competitive salary - Excellent growth and advancement opportunities - ESI, PF and other benefits - Performance incentives - Job Location : Edapally, Kochi - Qualification a: BCA, Btech, MCA, MBA or Any graduates (Maximum number of - permitted back papers - 5) - Experience : 0 to 1 Year CTC : Rs 2.16 LPA to Rs 3.0 LPA + incentives Please note that this position is based in Kochi, Kerala. We have a hybrid work mode which will require candidates to occasionally come to the office. Hence, we will only consider applicants who are able to meet this requirement. Apply Now [Back](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#current-openings) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/business-development-associate#) ## Senior System Engineer Role # Senior System Engineer We are looking for a Senior System Engineer to lead our IT team. You will oversee the design, implementation, and maintenance of our systems infrastructure, ensuring optimal performance and reliability. In addition to providing advanced technical support, you will mentor junior engineers, develop automation scripts, and drive improvements in system monitoring, resource utilization, and overall efficiency for our international web hosting clients. Responsibilities - Establishing and maintaining strong relationships across teams and with staff/clients. - Works closely with the management team to ensure all the technical issues are resolved on time. - Managing and upholding the troubleshooting escalation process. - Single poc for any technical escalations. - Helping HR to impart technical training. What we look for in the candidates? - Passionate in Linux - 4+ Years of experience as a Technical Support Engineer. - Excellent team management skills - Ability to provide technical leadership - Strong ownership, and persistent attitude to complete tasks - Strong written communication skills in the English language. - Ready for a long-term commitment with the company - Good understanding of netfilter/iptables. - Good knowledge in Web Servers, NFS, DNS, NIS, MTAs. - Experience in cloud service providers like AWS, Google Cloud, Azure. - Profound Experience in Apache, Litespeed, CentOS, Nagios, Cacti, DNS, hosted services, MySQL, R1soft, Wordpress, cPanel, SpamExperts. - Good knowledge in Automation systems like Ansible, Chef or Puppet. - Prefer some programming experience (particularly Bash, Shell, Perl, Python, PHP, HTML, MySQL). - Good knowledge on shell scripting and relational databases - Hands on experience with control panels like cPanel, Plesk, Direct Admin etc. What do we offer? - Competitive salary - Career growth opportunities - ESI, PF and other benefits Qualification : BCA, B.E./B.Tech graduate in Computer Science or IT, MCA Experience : 4+ Years CTC : Best in the industry Please note that this position is based in Kochi, Kerala. 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Apply Now [Back](https://www.supportsages.com/careers#current-openings) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/jobs/senior-system-engineer#) ## Exim Commands Cheat Sheet ## Exim cheat sheet - Commands for troubleshoot mail issues in cPanel/DirectAdmin or any exim mail server ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 2 min read ![Exim cheat sheet – Commands for troubleshoot mail issues in cPanel/DirectAdmin or any exim mail server](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands) Generating audio, please wait... Below are the most common Exim commands which help an Administrator to ease his life Print a count of the messages in the queue: > exim -bpc Print a listing of the messages in the queue (time queued, size, message-id, sender, recipient): > exim -bp Print a summary of messages in the queue (count, volume, oldest, newest, domain, and total > exim -bp\| exiqsumm Print what Exim is doing right now: > exiwhat To check if the server routes the mail properly use exim -bt > ``` > # exim -bt alias@localdomain.com > user@thishost.com > <-- alias@localdomain.com > router = localuser, transport = local_delivery > root@localhost# exim -bt user@thishost.com > user@thishost.com > router = localuser, transport = local_delivery > root@localhost# exim -bt user@remotehost.com > router = lookuphost, transport = remote_smtp > host mail.remotehost.com [1.2.3.4] MX=0 > ``` Display all of Exim’s configuration settings: > exim -bp ### exiqgrep Its used for grepping through the  exim queue. search the queue for messages from a specific sender : > exiqgrep -f  user@domainname.com Search the queue for a specific recipient > exiqgrep -r user@domainname.com To print messages older than the specified number of seconds use -o . For example, messages older than 1 day: > exiqgrep -o 86400 To print messages younger than specified number of seconds use -y Messages younger than one day can be listed  using the command > exiqgrep -y 86400 Print just the message-id of the entire queue: > exiqgrep -i ### Exim Commands to Manage the queue Start a queue run: > exim -q -v Start a queue run for just local deliveries: > exim -ql  -v Remove a message from the queue: > exim -Mrm Freeze a message: > exim -Mf Thaw a message: > exim -Mt Deliver a message, whether it’s frozen or not, whether the retry time has been reached or not: > exim -M Deliver a message, but only if the retry time has been reached: > exim -Mc Force a message to  Freeze and bounce as “Canceled by Admin” > exim -Mg Remove all frozen mails > exiqgrep -z -i \| xargs exim -Mrm Remove all messages older than five days (86400 \* 5 = 432000 seconds): > exiqgrep -o 432000 -i \| xargs exim -Mrm Freeze all queued mail from a given sender > exiqgrep -i -f user@domain.com \| xargs exim -Mf View a message’s headers: > exim -Mvh View a message’s body: > exim -Mvb View a message’s logs: > exim -Mvl - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [DirectAdmin](https://www.supportsages.com/category/directadmin) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) ## Hotlink Protection Guide ## Steps to enable Hotlink protection by default ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fajo_sam_9d61e2467b.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Ajo - 3 min read ![Steps to enable Hotlink protection by default](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fenable_hotlink_protection_70f66d11ef.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... ### Preface Hot link protection is security measure in order to prevent other websites from directly linking to files and pictures on your website. Other sites will only be able to link to file types that you don’t specify.Let us see how to enable Hotlink protection ### **Hotlink Protection - Preventing Bandwidth Theft** Bandwidth theft or hotlinking is direct linking to a web site’s files such as images,vedios etc, this will result to high bandwidth consumption. For example some would be using an tag to display a JPEG image on his website which is used in your own site. Lets check how to enable Hotlink Protection. ### **Enable Hotlink protection for an account.** **Through cPanel** 1\. Login to cPanel. 2\. Select **Hotlink Protection unde** r the Security tab. [![hotlink.png](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink.png.jpeg)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink.png.jpeg) You will be redirected to the following page. [![hotlink3.png](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink3.png.jpeg)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink3.png.jpeg) 3.Click on **Enable** button. Then the hotlink protection will be enabled for that particular domain. 4.Now in the **URLs to allow access:** box Enter the URL to any domain you wish to allow hotlinking. 5.Provide the extensions in the **Block direct access for these extension** box. 6.In the **Redirect request to this URL:** you can enter a URL that anyone trying to hotlink will see in the place of image, etc. 7.Click on **Submit** button. **Through Backend** 1\. Go to users account ``` #cd ~user/public_html ``` 2\. Create .htaccess file here and enter the following entries ``` RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$ RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} \.(gif|jpe?g?|png)$ [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^https?://([^.]+\.)?domain\. [NC] RewriteRule \.(gif|jpe?g?|png)$ - [F,NC,L] ``` For example:- > > > RewriteEngine on > > RewriteCond %{HTTP\_REFERER} !^http://www.yourdomain.com/.\*$ \[NC\] > > RewriteCond %{HTTP\_REFERER} !^http://www.yourdomain.com$ \[NC\] > > RewriteRule .\*\\.(jpg\|jpeg\|gif\|png\|bmp\|swf)$ http://www.yourdomain.com/nohotlinking.jpe \[R,NC\] > > ### Enable Hotlink Protection by default for new accounts For enabling Hotlink Protection by default for new accounts, you can follow below mentioned steps: ``` #cd /root/cpanel3-skel/public_html/ ``` Then create the .htaccess file with the following data ``` #vi .htaccess ===================================== RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://{HTTP_HOST}/.*$ [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://{HTTP_HOST} $ [NC] ===================================== ``` # - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fajo_sam_9d61e2467b.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Ajo Ajo ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) ## Understanding IFS in Linux ## IFS ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fviji_17baef0d39.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Vijesh Vijayan - 3 min read ![IFS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fifs_2_97cdf054e2.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... How many times in Linux shell scripting have you written scripts and a had bad time with those having spaces? The remedy to this situation is your IFS value. IFS or Internal Field Separator holds the value which separates the various entities. This can be file names, values read a script by read etc. It is the character or characters designated as whitespace by the operating system. The IFS is set to the newline and space character. The global variable $IFS stores the value. To view the exact value stored in IFS execute: ``` echo "$IFS" | cat -vTE ^I$ $ ``` Running echo “$IFS” will not give you any visible output (after all, you are going to see a space and a newline). cat -vTE displays nonprintable characters , tabs as ^I and ends each line with a $ sign. In a script which utilizes filenames (with spaces), it is always preferable to change the IFS to include only the newline character opposed to the default space and newline character. Let us check out one such script which accepts filenames with spaces. This scripts simply prints the file names in your current directory. (Remember to create some files in your current directory which has spaces. You may try the same script removing the lines with the IFS variable in reference to seeing the difference) ``` #!/bin/bash OIFS=$IFS # Original IFS IFS=$(echo -en "\n\b") # New IFS for fil in $(ls -1 $PWD); do echo $fil done IFS=$OIFS # Restore earlier IFS ``` IFS can also be used to read files with lines sepearated by a special character. For example in the /etc/passwd, to store the various entries like username, homedirectory etc. The following script uses the while construct to determine the users who have the shell portion as /bin/false ``` #!/bin/bash OIFS=$IFS IFS=':' while read username password userid groupid comments homedir shell_avail do if [[ $shell_avail == /bin/false ]]; then echo "$username has no shell" fi done < /etc/passwd IFS=$OIFS ``` In the above script each of the 7 portions of the /etc/passwd file is assigned to the 7 variables username password userid groupid comments homedir shell\_avail with the read command. The if portion in the script compares the seventh variable - shell\_avail to /bin/false to determine the username and outputs it. From now on you can use the IFS variable for all those files with spaces and extracting values separated by a special character. - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Offers](https://www.supportsages.com/category/offers) - [PostgreSQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/postgresql) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) - [Snippets](https://www.supportsages.com/category/snippets) - [Special Offers](https://www.supportsages.com/category/special-offers) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fviji_17baef0d39.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Vijesh Vijayan Vijesh is quite enthusiastic in learning new technologies and enjoys sharing it with others. He has great command over various scripting languages like bash, perl, python and is keen in developing scripts for better productivity. He is a gifted singer and amuses the team with his mimicry skills, when there is a leisure moment. 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ifs#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ifs#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ifs#) ## PHP CGI SAPI Overview ## php : CGI SAPI explained ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 5 min read ![php : CGI SAPI explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fphp_cgi_sapi_explained_2d6121ed64.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... ### Preface We had seen the details of setting up  PHP as an apache module. An Apache module is compiled into the Apache binary, so the PHP interpreter runs in the Apache process, meaning that when Apache spawns a child, each process already contains a binary image of PHP. The obvious advantage of using PHP as a module is _speed._ But it also gives much room for security concerns. Since php  executes as the webserver user and it  can be  exploited for malicious operations like root escalation etc.  Hence it is recommended to use further options such as PHP CGI for better security **CGI** The CGI (Common Gateway Interface) defines a way for a web server to interact with external content-generating programs, which are often referred to as CGI programs or CGI scripts. This means that the webserver, upon receiving a request, will forward the data to a specific program (php-cgi), setting some environment variables and marshalling the parameters via standard input and standard output so the program can know where and what to look for. In order to get your CGI programs to work properly, you’ll need to have Apache configured to permit CGI execution and is enabled through the Apache module **`mod_cgi`** or **`mod_cgid`.** PHP can be run as CGI . The CGI handler will run PHP as a CGI module as opposed to an Apache module. As CGI, a new process is spawned on each request. CGI still runs PHP processes as the Apache ‘nobody’ user. However, if you have suEXEC enabled,  you will be able to see which user, through the virtual host, has made the PHP request (The owner of a virtual host will be the same as the account name.). ### Configuration Running PHP as a CGI  is different in various aspects. Since the PHP binary isn’t compiled within Apache or loaded as an apache module, it runs as any other process. In other words it runs under a separate process and user. Let us have glance over the process involved during the process Please note that the paths used here are derviced from my custom installation of PHP with installation directory /usr/local/php and should be replaced with your values 1\. Install  PHP as CGI binary ( using the configure option **-enable-cgi** ) ` ` 2.  Once the installation is complete, you can get the installation location of various PHP Binary version paths from the output. Below is one one such output > Installing shared extensions:     /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20100525/ > > Installing PHP CLI binary:        /usr/local/php/bin/ > > Installing PHP CGI binary:        /usr/local/php/bin/ As you can see, the CGI version of the PHP binary is placed in the folder /usr/local/php54/bin/ > \# ls -l /usr/local/php/bin/php\* > > -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11654422 Nov 20 00:37 /usr/local/php/bin/php\* > > -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11632642 Nov 20 00:37 /usr/local/php/bin/php-cgi\* The first one /usr/local/php5/bin/php is the CLI and /usr/local/php/bin/php-cgi is the CGI version. 3\. Once the installation is completed, confirm the version by using the command > # **/usr/local/php/bin/php -v** > > PHP 5.4.14 (cli) (built: May  3 2013 12:21:56) > > Copyright (c) 1997-2013 The PHP Group 4\. Configuring Apache to use the PHP CGI The integration Apache with php-cgi to interpret .php files is bit complicated than that of DSO. To get Apache to use the PHP CGI for files with the .php extension, we need to specify  the **php-cgi** executable path in the Apache configuration. As we had seen earlier it is installed in  /usr/local/php/bin/php-cgi. Add the following to an appropriate place in your httpd.conf file > ScriptAlias /local-bin /usr/local/php/bin > > AddHandler application/x-httpd-php php > > Action application/x-httpd-php /local-bin/php-cgi The **ScriptAlias** directive tells Apache that the /usr/local/php/bin directory can be used to execute scripts. **AddHandler** specifically is meant to communicate within the server. It assigns or “maps” a handler or MIME type to the file extension you specify. Here the **AddHandler** directive tells Apache that whenever it encounters a file with a .php extension, it should mark it as having a MIME type of application/x-httpd-php. The ‘Action’ directive runs the specified ‘cgi-script’ when a given request for a URL contains the specified ‘content-type’ (or handler name). In this case, the ‘Action’ line instructs Apache that that whenever it encounters a file of type **application/x-httpd-php** it should pass it to the script **/usr/local/php/bin/php-cgi** and generate the output. 5\. Restart apache > /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start 6\. Check the php handler by accessing a PHP info page and you should see Server API as CGI **DSO Vs CGI** Running PHP as a CGI means that you basically tell your web server the location of the PHP executable file and execute it according to the invoked file/script. That means each time you load a page, PHP needs to set various parameters according to php.ini and load the extensions.  Once this is done the script is parsed. This needs to be repeated for each request. When you run PHP as a module, PHP literally sits inside your web server - it starts only once, loads its settings and extensions only once, and can also store information across sessions. But this requires webserver to be restarted whenever a  modification is performed to the php.ini file. Since CGI version reads the php.ini file every time a new process is to be spawned , there iss no need for restart of webserver. PHP CGI is more secure because the server  manages and controls access to the binaries. PHP can now run as your own user rather than the generic Apache user. This means you can put your database passwords in a file readable only by you, and your php scripts can still access it. This enables you to make more restrictive permissions for  “Group” and “Others” which in turn makes the server more secure. ### **Further Reading :** [https://www.supportsages.com/2010/06/php-basics/](https://www.supportsages.com/php-basics/) [https://www.supportsages.com/2010/06/php-behind-the-scenes/](https://www.supportsages.com/php-behind-the-scenes/) [https://www.supportsages.com/2010/06/mod\_php-explained/](https://www.supportsages.com/mod_php-explained/) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-cgi#) ## Understanding lsof Output ## SysAdmin series - Understanding the lsof output ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Daniel Wren - 8 min read ![SysAdmin series – Understanding the lsof output](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsysadmin_series_understanding_the_lsof_output_4334f877d8.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... lsof command displays the list of open files. It could be the list of files opened by a process or it could be a list of files opened by a user or it could be a list of files opened by an IP or it could be a list of files opened by a port. Let’s analyse the lsof command and its output. Only when you understand the output, you have a better idea of how it could be made useful. ``` [root@server ~]# lsof COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 253,0 150352 92012573 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 253,0 66432 90974918 /lib64/libnss_files-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 1924768 90963979 /lib64/libc-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 90912 90963993 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.7-20120601.so.1 init 1 root mem REG 253,0 44472 90974925 /lib64/librt-2.12.so ``` The fields displayed are: ``` COMMAND is the command which is responsible for the file PID - Process ID TID - Thread ID USER - Owner of the process FD - File Descriptor Type - Type of files DEVICE - Type of device with major, minor numbers SIZE/OFFSET - Size of the file NODE - inode number of the file NAME - name of the file The File Descriptor can take the following values: ``` ``` cwd - current working directory rtd - root directory txt - program text (code and data) mem - memory-mapped file, usually for shared library 1r - file descriptor 1 opened for reading. pd - parent directory ``` In FD column, numbers like 1u is actual file descriptor and followed by u,r,w which indicates itʼs mode as: ``` u - File open with Read and Write permission r - File open with Read permission w - File open with Write permission W - File open with Write permission and with Write Lock on entire file mem - Memory mapped file, usually for share library mmap - Memory mapped device ``` TYPE displays type of files and itʼs identification. DIR - Directory REG - Regular file CHR - Character special file. FIFO - First In First Out ``` Let’s get into few usages of lsof. ``` **List of open files of a user, root** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof -u root COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 253,0 150352 92012573 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 253,0 66432 90974918 /lib64/libnss_files-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 1924768 90963979 /lib64/libc-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 90912 90963993 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.7-20120601.so.1 init 1 root mem REG 253,0 44472 90974925 /lib64/librt-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 143280 90964003 /lib64/libpthread-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 265736 90964061 /lib64/libdbus-1.so.3.4.0 Exclusion is lsof is with ^ (carrot symbol) ``` ``` eg: lsof -p ^5341 (will list open files 3ll processes excluding the one with 5341 PID) lsof -u ^root (will list 3ll open files, except the ones opened by root) ``` **List of Open Files - By Process Name Starting With** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof -c dovecot COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME dovecot 5328 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2228598 /var/run/dovecot dovecot 5328 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / dovecot 5328 root txt REG 253,0 93740 56364377 /usr/sbin/dovecot dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 2279343 2098498 /var/db/nscd/hosts ``` ``` dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 143280 90964003 /lib64/libpthread-2.12.so dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 44472 90974925 /lib64/librt-2.12.so dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 20024 90974866 /lib64/libdl-2.12.so dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 18712 90964028 /lib64/libattr.so.1.1.0 dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 1924768 90963979 /lib64/libc-2.12.so ``` **Find Parent process ID of a process. Here in this case, 1 is the parent process of the PID 7597** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof -p 7597 -R COMMAND PID PPID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME httpd 7597 1 root cwd DIR 8,3 4096 2 / httpd 7597 1 root rtd DIR 8,3 4096 2 / httpd 7597 1 root txt REG 8,3 662696 4202194 /usr/sbin/httpd httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 0 /SYSV000015b3 httpd 7597 1 root mem REG 8,5 217032 4980742 /var/db/nscd/passwd httpd 7597 1 root mem REG 8,5 217032 4980743 /var/db/nscd/group httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 3482411066 /dev/zero httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 3482411067 /dev/zero httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 3482411070 /dev/zero httpd 7597 1 root mem REG 8,3 163400 4194605 /usr/lib64/ld-2.17.so If you just want to list the open files based on process ID, just issue, lsof -p 7597 ``` **List of open files to a specific port** ``` [root@serveur ~]# lsof -i :80 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME nginx 15462 root 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) nginx 15463 nginx 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) nginx 15466 nginx 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) nginx 15469 nginx 4u IPv4 3483569271 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->83.137.2.249:50698 (ESTABLISHED) nginx 15469 nginx 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) ``` ``` nginx 15470 nginx 4u IPv4 3483569216 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->172.69.226.114:60336 (ESTABLISHED) ``` **Find open connections to a specific host and that too of a specific port of a specific host** ``` [root@serveur ~]# lsof -i@149.202.75.180 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME french 5909 maqfr 8u IPv4 3483726686 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:64544->cdns.ovh.net:domain french 5911 maqfr 10u IPv4 3483774248 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:39678->cdns.ovh.net:domain ``` ``` french 5913 maqfr 14u IPv4 3483732945 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:60288->cdns.ovh.net:domain french 5914 maqfr 21u IPv4 3483774113 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:13654->cdns.ovh.net:domain french 5916 maqfr 20u IPv4 3483774259 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:50760->cdns.ovh.net:domain ``` ``` french 5917 maqfr 22u IPv4 3483771117 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:48329->cdns.ovh.net:domain exim 6016 mailnull 8u IPv4 3483768849 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:38514->dev.serveurex2.info:smtp (ESTABLISHED) imap 6154 cyberren 7u IPv4 3483768128 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:imap->94-224-82-148.access.telenet.be:60681 (ESTABLISHED) ``` Or even ``` [root@serveur ~]# lsof -i@149.202.75.180:80 ``` will display the below output: ``` nginx 15488 nginx 20u IPv4 3483851490 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->79.103.55.23.dsl.dyn.forthnet.gr:61805 (ESTABLISHED) nginx 15488 nginx 22u IPv4 3483850530 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->162.158.7.84:31578 (ESTABLISHED) ``` ``` nginx 15488 nginx 24u IPv4 3483843477 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->102.132.37.126:53389 (ESTABLISHED) nginx 15488 nginx 30u IPv4 3483858141 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->adsl196-188-162-217-196.adsl196-14.iam.net.ma:51282 (ESTABLISHED) ``` **Search for all open instances of directory** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof +D /home/ceeaco/mail/ ``` **Kill all processes run by the user sages** ``` [root@server ~]# kill -9 `lsof -t -u sages` ``` **List of Files in Repeat Mode** ``` [root@serveur home]# lsof -i -a -c ssh -r2 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME sshd 9023 root 3u IPv4 3483661449 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:d2k-datamover2->launchpad2.majesticsupport.com:42901 (ESTABLISHED) sshd 21514 root 3u IPv4 3483456549 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:d2k-datamover2->launchpad2.majesticsupport.com:42894 (ESTABLISHED) sshd 30037 root 3u IPv4 2835783768 0t0 TCP *:d2k-datamover2 (LISTEN) sshd 30037 root 4u IPv6 2835783770 0t0 TCP *:d2k-datamover2 (LISTEN) ``` ======= **[Uninterrupted service delivery can only be assured through constant monitoring of services and servers. Don’t worry. We are here to help you.](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring-services/)** - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Daniel Wren An innovative and dedicated IT professional who is very curious to solve and find solutions to seemingly difficult tasks. [**Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?**![Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwe_say_swap_in_linux_what_is_swapping_ff05c6bed4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) [**How to install node.js on your shared server?**![How to install node.js on your shared server?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_install_node_js_on_your_shared_server_2_b8d98ce579.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) [**How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?**![How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_secure_ssh_access_to_your_server_using_tors_hidden_service_d303cfb28a.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) [**How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24\*7 customer support?**![How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24*7 customer support?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhowto_standoutfromthe_crowdbyproviding24x7helpdesksupport_70b77076ad.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) ## Init vs Systemd ## Init v/s Systemd ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Daniel Wren - 8 min read ![Init v/s Systemd](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Finit_vs_systemd_2d88237339.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Init and systemd are both system and service managers associated with Linux systems. They are responsible for booting the machine once the kernel is loaded, and their tasks range from mounting the original file system, identifying the runlevel or target and loading the operating system accordingly along with activating the services associated with that runlevel and finally displaying the login screen. Init was present in Linux distributions like Redhat 6, CentOS 6 but it got replaced with Systemd in linux distros like Redhat 7, CentOS 7 ,Ubuntu 16.04 etc. To appreciate the importance of service managers in Linux an overall idea of the Linux booting process is required which is covered in the following section: #### **1\. Linux booting sequence** The process of booting begins with POST (Power On Self Test) where the hardware components of the system are checked for any kind of defects. If any component failure or wrong connection is detected, the booting will fail. Once this stage is cleared, next the firmware is detected which will be BIOS or UEFI. Once the firmware is detected the boot device is selected from boot priority, which is harddisk normally. #### **1.2. Kernel Initialization** The MBR (Master Boot Record) is then read. MBR consists of 512 bytes which are divided as 446 bytes for bootloader, 64 bytes for mounting table information and 2 flag bytes, meant for error checking and correcting purposes. The bootloader (GRUB 2) contains instructions to load the kernel image (vmlinuz). When the bootloader is loaded we get an interface where we can select the kernel version out of the available ones. The kernel image and the compressed file system image is loaded, then the latter is extracted to obtain a temporary file system. It is required to access the driver software which is essential to detect the original file system and mount it. The initrd and initramfs are two different methods by which the temporary file system is made available to the kernel. Initrd (Initial ramdisk) was the technique used with earlier linux distros where the compressed image of the entire file system (initrd image) is made available as a special block storage device (/dev/ram) which is then mounted and decompressed. The driver software to access this block storage device is compiled into the kernel. The kernel assumes that the actual file system is mounted and starts /linuxrc which in turn starts /sbin/init. With Initramfs the compressed image is made available as a cpio archive which is unpacked by the kernel using a temporary instance of tempfs which then becomes the root file system. It is followed by executing /init as the first process. #### **1.3.  System Initialization** This is the stage where the actual file system is mounted. The OS is booted with the desired runlevel or target. Then the services specific to that runlevel or target are activated and once ready the login screen is displayed. All these activities are taken care of by the service managers in Linux. We will go into the details of the two most popular service managers namely Init and Systemd, in the following section. #### **2\. Init service manager** Init is the service manager associated with earlier Linux distros. Init stands for Initialization, it is the first process after booting, act as the parent of all other processes and continues till shutdown. It is assigned a PID of 1. Init is a daemon process. A daemon process is one which does not have a controlling terminal. Once the actual file system is mounted, the runlevel is identified. There are 7 runlevels associated with Init: 0 -> Shutdown or halt 1 -> Single user mode (root user mode used for troubleshooting) 2 -> Multiuser without network service 3 -> Multiuser with network service 4 -> Undefined 5 -> Graphical mode 6 -> Reboot Once the runlevel is identified the services corresponding to that runlevel is activated and the login screen is displayed. #### **2.1 Configuration files of Init** The main configuration file is /etc/inittab. The default runlevel is specified here. The scripts required by each runlevel is specified in /etc/rc.d/rc\* directory, where \* refers to the runlevel. In this directory, one could find a list of kill (K) scripts and start (S) script. The kill scripts are executed followed by start scripts. The order of script execution is specified by means of sequence number on the script. The scripts are saved at /etc/rc.d directory. #### **2.2 Drawbacks of Init** Init works based on serial booting principle, so even if the main service fails the sub-services are also checked unnecessarily. Even if the service becomes up before the booting has completed it will not be detected by init. For example, network service is essential for NFS or CIFS to function, so there is no meaning in trying to activate dependant services until the main service is up, but Init will still do it. This is a major disadvantage in terms of booting speed and performance. If due to some reason Init could not start then, no process will be started and the system will reach a state called Kernal Panic where booting fails. This is also an issue with Init. #### **3\. Systemd Service manager** Systemd is the most recent service manager used in Linux distros. It has the same tasks as Init but the method adopted to achieve the same is quite different. It is based on parallel booting concept where processes and services are started in parallel. This helps to speed up the booting process as services are started in parallel. In Systemd there are no runlevels involved, instead target unit files come into play. Unit files are configuration files what define any entity in systemd environment, whether it is targets or services involved unit files are present for each and every target or service. There are different types of unit files including services, targets, devices, file system mount points and sockets. With Systemd once the actual file system is mounted, the default target is identified. The targets in systemd are : poweroff.target, rescue.target, multi-user.target, graphical.target and reboot.target. The names somewhat resemble the runlevel naming. Once the target is identified then the services corresponding to that target is activated. Finally the login screen is displayed. #### **3.1 Configuration files in Systemd** In Systemd /sbin/init is simlinked to /etc/systemd/system/default.target. The default.target file is empty and is simlinked with the presently chosen target file located at /usr/lib/systemd/system/.target. #### **3.2 Advantages of Systemd** Systemd uses a parallel booting mechanism where services and processes are started in parallel thereby speeding up the booting process. Another advantage is that if the main service fails the dependent services are bypassed and if the main service becomes up before booting is completed then the dependent services are checked and activated. #### **3.3 Adding or removing a dependency service for the main service in systemd** The dependency services for a target is defined inside its unit file. The dependency unit files are listed with directives “Wants and “Requires”, where the former states that the dependency may be run along with the unit, but the success state of the dependency is not essential for the success of the target and the latter implies that the success state of dependency is essential for the success state of the target. By removing the entry of the dependency service we do not require, from the unit file of service we can prevent it from getting loaded or activated. #### **3.4 Creating a new service or target in systemd** In the directory /etc/systemd/system we can find “Wants” directories of different targets having the following format : .target.wants . Navigate to the desired target where you want to add the new service. The services considered by that target will be listed there. To make a new service name named netset.service, open a file with the same name and specify the required services by making use of the “Wants”, “requires”,”Before”, “After” appropriately. For example : ``` [Unit] Description = making network connection up After = network.target [Service] ExecStart = /root/scripts/conup.sh [Install] WantedBy = multi-user.target where “After” specifies that this service must only be activated after network.service. “ExecStart” specifies the path of the script file to be executed. The actions that must take place must be specified in the script file as a BASH script. “WantedBy” specifies that this service will be wanted by multi-user.target . The service is then enabled so that it is simlinked to that service will be created inside multi-user.wants.target. Now this service will be listed inside the target file and will be available when the corresponding target is used. ``` #### **4\. Comparision of SysV Run Levels and Target Units** Run Level Target Units Description 0 runlevel0.target, poweroff.target Shut down and power off 1 runlevel1.target, rescue.target Set up a rescue shell 2,3,4 runlevel\[234\].target, multi- user.target Set up a nongraphical multi-user shell 5 runlevel5.target, graphical.target Set up a graphical multi-user shell 6 runlevel6.target, reboot.target Shut down and reboot the system [Click here to know more. We are always happy to help you.](https://www.supportsages.com/) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Daniel Wren An innovative and dedicated IT professional who is very curious to solve and find solutions to seemingly difficult tasks. [**Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?**![Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwe_say_swap_in_linux_what_is_swapping_ff05c6bed4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) [**How to install node.js on your shared server?**![How to install node.js on your shared server?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_install_node_js_on_your_shared_server_2_b8d98ce579.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) [**How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?**![How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_secure_ssh_access_to_your_server_using_tors_hidden_service_d303cfb28a.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) [**How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24\*7 customer support?**![How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24*7 customer support?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhowto_standoutfromthe_crowdbyproviding24x7helpdesksupport_70b77076ad.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd#) ## Linux Containers vs VMs ## How is a Linux Container different from a Virtual Machine? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgalvin_sam_fa1e457e9a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Galvin Sam - 5 min read ![How is a Linux Container different from a Virtual Machine?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F3_2_2_ac007a2a7f.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Consider a scenario in which you are a developer and you are developing an application on your local machine and you are working on an environment with a specific configuration. Meanwhile, the production server on which the application is to be deployed is running on an environment with a different configuration. This creates a conflict between the development and the operations team. Linux containers help reduce conflicts between your development and operations teams by separating areas of responsibility. Developers can focus on their apps and operations can focus on the infrastructure. And, because Linux containers are based on open source technology, you get the latest and greatest advancement as soon as they’re available. Linux Container is a set of one or more processes that are isolated from the rest of the host system. All the files that are necessary to run a Linux Container are provided from distinct images which makes a Linux Container portable and consistent as they move from different phases in a production environment such as development, testing and finally to production. Linux container not only reduces the conflict between different application running environment. Linux containers have also sparked an interest in microservice architecture. Microservice architecture is a design pattern for developing applications in which complex applications are broken down into smaller, composable pieces which work together. Each component is developed separately, and the application is then simply the sum of its constituent components. Each piece, or service, can live inside of a container and can be scaled independently of the rest of the application as the need arises. ![](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ximCX6-g0qqsFSUy2PXoj6w8us7JLXePALZMVdsBN1EdTb9GjHdMnXd28L3Xf93uLd_BtQdNsc2nbCVBLuhg_gIdo6cg7V25topA8MiORcl1y1Y0J1PGdFVrbGr2IQoGNih0tANN) _Applications running in isolated Linux Containers._ **Why Linux container?** A question may arise, why choose Linux container over a Virtual Machine? Yes, for reducing the conflict between the application running environment, definitely Virtual Machine is a good option. When an application is composed of only smaller numbers of large components, it’s completely acceptable to give a dedicated Virtual Machine (VM) to each component and isolate their environments by providing each of them with their own operating system instance. But when these components start getting smaller and their numbers start to grow, you can’t give each of them their own VM if you don’t want to waste hardware resources and keep your hardware costs down. But it’s not only about wasting hardware resources. Because each VM usually needs to be configured and managed individually, rising numbers of VMs also lead to wasting human resources, because they increase the system administrators’ workload considerably. ### **How is a Linux Container different from a Virtual Machine?** Comparing containers to virtual machines, containers are much more lightweight than virtual machine as the virtual machines need to run their own set of system processes which requires additional computing resources in addition to those consumed by the component’s own process. A container, on the other hand, is nothing more than a single isolated process running in the host OS, consuming only the resources that the app consumes and without the overhead of any additional processes. Because of the overhead of VMs, you often end up grouping multiple applications into each VM because you don’t have enough resources to dedicate a whole VM to each app. When using containers, you can (and should) have one container for each application. The end result is that you can fit many more applications on the same bare-metal machine. ![](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/SFcxFZXiiVyJGhS67QAJxAv3E4rV271gH7MAbLRDL514j5iPv7gq2dENbgw6LRAHu9b7Qb1bfFi5wChw6JEljqfna-tSNllws-H8r34KAU72Q9LcpuyyOIGjWkhd1gspLPM7woYG) _Using VMs to isolate groups of applications vs. isolating individual apps with containers_ When you run three VMs on a host, you have three completely separate operating systems running on and sharing the same bare-metal hardware. Underneath those VMs is the host’s OS and a hypervisor, which divides the physical hardware resources into smaller sets of virtual resources that can be used by the operating system inside each VM. Applications running inside those VMs perform system calls to the guest OS kernel in the VM, and the kernel then performs on the host’s physical CPU through the hypervisor. ![](https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/jGp9i0UOqrQlao6jE77U-Iv3SNk8bVLYJC9JLNBbSp484i-GNZOj6l7fAziVmDAz_Rred9iBqQrO4r-wtofWCu6YnMzgEm5Rgen9rjpXh5levX4a7MwXOys_RqevD-cvPje-atB5)![](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/lPzlPYi1m9sMiLYA0hyLbOe0w1zCPGzsm7IlODuNldEceLbKMO3HyqUsNndw61ztIPc-Y5lQv6ENmmd8OAs2vyORWRTNZPkQxUoAhzutL5eZ6cvtldy319VzeyDrGXOxAJTbmoVX) _The difference between how apps in VMs use the CPU vs. how they use them in containers._ Containers, on the other hand, all perform system calls on the exact same kernel running in the host OS. The CPU doesn’t need to do any kind of virtualization the way it does with VMs (see above figure). The main benefit of VM is the full isolation they provide, because each VM runs its own Linux kernel and their own set of system services, while containers call out to the kernel of the parent machine or the node on which the container is created. Compared to VM, containers are exceptionally lightweight, megabytes in size and will take only seconds to start versus gigabytes and minutes for a VM. If you have a greater number of processes to be isolated on the same host machine, containers are a much better choice because of their low overhead. [![Server Management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/07/Server-Management.jpg)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgalvin_sam_fa1e457e9a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Galvin Sam Galvin Sam [**Deep dive into Docker**![Deep dive into Docker](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_3_2_90815e682f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker) - [Docker](https://www.supportsages.com/category/docker) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker) [**Magento 2 - Troubleshooting Litemage Crawler**![Magento 2 - Troubleshooting Litemage Crawler](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmagento_2_2_18814306ce.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler) - [magento](https://www.supportsages.com/category/magento) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container#) ## mod_php Overview ## mod\_php explained ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 5 min read ![mod_php explained](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mod_php-explained) Generating audio, please wait... Like in the case of all apache modules,in apache mod\_php you can either compile PHP as a static module or compile it as a dynamic module.  In the case of static module , you  can’t perform any modification for the module without recompiling the binary to which it is attached.  For eg.  you can’t add ssl support for the mod\_php without re-compiling apache as a whole. And any failure in the compilation may cause downtime for the entire webserver also, including plain html support. The advantage is that it provides a faster  performance, because the module is initialized  whenever the apache binary is started. In the case of a dynamic mod\_php installation, the necessary modifications or module additions can be done by recompiling the module alone. There is no need to recompile the Apache as the mod\_php is not linked with the binary of apache.  But since the webserver loads the module on the fly, it needs to load, initialize and then execute the module.  So it can create some level of slowness while processing php pages. **How does apache mod\_php work?** When PHP  is loaded into Apache as a module (using mod\_php), each Apache process will contain an instance of mod\_php or PHP interpreter also.   The interpreter comes with a bundle of libraries we enabled during compilation and each  process can make use of these libraries to process the requests. This means that the Apache process that just started  to load a simple HTML page  too will contain a PHP interpreter with all assigned libraries which inturn means resource consumption. When the webserver gets an HTTP request. The  request header  contains the path to the requested document > e.g. access.log:    xx.xx.xx.xx - - \[22/June/2010:21:14:53 -0700\] “GET /info.php?=PHPE9568F35-D428-11d2-A769-00AA001ACF42 HTTP/1.1” 200 2146 “http://domain.com/info.php” “Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.1.7) Gecko/20100106 Ubuntu/9.10 (karmic) Firefox/3.5.7” 1\. The request will be redirected to the document root of the domain and then to the file “info.php” , if it fails then the corresponding error message will be given. 2\. The info.php file is to be processed. It follows the following steps Normally every httpd.conf file will have an entry like this > AddType application/x-httpd-php .php5 .php4 .php **AddType** instructs the webserver that the files with extension .php ,.php4,.ph5 are of MIME type application/x-httpd-php. This helps the webserver to recognize files with .php are to be associated with the MIME type application/x-httpd-php The **TypesConfig** directive sets the location of the MIME types configuration file. This file controls what Internet media types are sent to the client for  given file extension(s).  Sending the correct media type to the client  is important so they know how to handle the content of the file. > root@new \[/usr/local/apache/conf\]# cat mime.types \| grep x-httpd-php > > application/x-httpd-php-source          phps > > application/x-httpd-php          php php3 php4 php5 php6 > > root@new \[/usr/local/apache/conf\]# Here we can see that the Mime type to be used for files with extension .php  is application/x-httpd-php , while the file with .phps is to be mapped to the php mime type application/x-httpd-php-source . The webserver identifies that the requested file is of Mime type x-httpd-php. To handle or process it , the apache has to load the corresponding module. Since it is a php type , the module mod\_php will be loaded and it will execute the file. Since apache is a HTTP server. It gets the HTTP requests and answers with the HTML code.  So the apache mod\_php will execute the commands within php flag and creates the HTML page dynamically and send it back to the client - internet browser which sent HTTP request. **Security concerns / Implications** You can see that  every request or execution of a php file through web is initiated by the webserver. So the webserver acts as the parent of every php execution through web. It imposes a great security threat. Since apache is being executed as an apache  user, all process will be owned by that user. By default  it is “nobody” or “apache”.  Let me try to explain. If your  web application performs some operations in the db, unless that database (eg: a flat text DB) has built-in access control, you will have to make the database accessible to the “nobody” user. This means a malicious script could access and modify the database, even without a username and password.  Such can be the case with various configuration files too.  Unless you protect these directories or applications with necessary authorization techniques like .htaccess, session control etc. There is a high possibility of attack through webapplication. Another dangerous issue is of root escalation. If the webserver has a bug, by exploiting that bug, a malicious user can gain some root privileges or escalated to root. Its quite alarming situation as an escalated apache user can do any sort of  actions without any level of authentication. Also it is difficult to identify the script which performs the malicious activity as all php scripts will be executed as “nobody” Since PHP applications are executed as web server user, you need to give access and write permissions for the directories wherever the application  is supposed to be working. Sometimes you may be forced to give 777 permissions and it invites lot of attacks. The files created by php applications will be owned by user “nobody” . So the user will not be able to delete the files unless it is done through another php application. Otherwise he needs to contact the server admin to get the same. As a security measure, we may be forced to block mails from “nobody” users . But it can create mails generated from php applications being blocked in the server. Various php applications widely used for spamming . So some servers are configured to block mails from nobody users. This creates inconvenience to users. **Further Readings**: [https://www.supportsages.com/2010/06/php-behind-the-scenes/](https://www.supportsages.com/php-behind-the-scenes/) [https://www.supportsages.com/2010/06/php-basics/](https://www.supportsages.com/php-basics/) [https://www.supportsages.com/2010/06/mod\_php-explained/](https://www.supportsages.com/mod_php-explained/) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. 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All Rights Reserved. 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We offer customized digital services and scalable operational strategies to prepare your Organization ride through the waves of uncertainty in the form of disruptive technology and government regulations so you can deliver accelerated and cost-effective services for your consumers [Explore Services](https://www.zaparetech.com/services) ![adventage image](https://www.zaparetech.com/img/overlay.png) ## Zapare Advantages. - SOC 2 Type II Certified - [ISO 27001:2013 certified](https://www.zaparetech.com/img/ISOCertificate2013_Zapare.jpg) - US experienced management team - Secure work environment - Compliance driven process - Data driven quality review - 24x7 coverage - Customized software solutions - Experienced claims professionals ## Economical, dynamic and managed business solutions #### Improved efficiency By reducing the burden of managing support functions, staffing and day to day operations, your business can concentrate further on core areas. #### Reduced Cost Our solutions are crafted to bring effective change in your business by ensuring cost-effective and reliable operation methodologies. #### Overarching Impact By ensuring quality process management we can ensure a comprehensive impact on your business. ![z text image](https://www.zaparetech.com/img/z-text.svg) ## Talk to our experts about your requirements Contact us and know more about how our experts can help your business grow. [Enquire Now](https://www.zaparetech.com/contact) [ISO Certificate](https://www.zaparetech.com/img/ISOCertificate2013_Zapare.jpg) ## Cost-effective WordPress Scaling # How SupportSages helped a \*Private Deemed University save US $3,500/month on hosting charges! ![university](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Funiversity_campus.png&w=3840&q=75) \* Accredited with the highest possible ‘A++’ grade by NAAC and one of the best universities in India as per NIRF 2024. #### The Challenge The University’s website, with an average of 1,000 concurrent users, and exponentially growing that number to 10,000+ during admission and exam results time, required horizontal scaling to prevent downtime and slow loading times. The main challenges faced during scaling were managing media files, optimising the database, ensuring smooth code deployment, and keeping the FinOps best practices in tact. ![challenges](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Ficn_challenges.png&w=384&q=75)![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Fblue-bg.png&w=640&q=75) #### 01 ### High Infra Costs High spec instance types, manual scaling and poor architecture resulted in high infra costs. ![challenges](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Ficn_challenges.png&w=384&q=75)![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Fblue-bg.png&w=640&q=75) #### 02 ### Outdated WordPress Versions Due to lack of staging environment, University was running an outdated version of WP, in fear of breaking the existing website. ![challenges](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Ficn_challenges.png&w=384&q=75)![ss](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Fblue-bg.png&w=640&q=75) #### 03 ### No Failover or Disaster Recovery The then existed architecture didn’t had resilience and involved manual intervention whenever a downtime occurred. ### Problem Analysis Their initial architecture lacked scalability and ran on high-spec resources. Although hosted on AWS, they weren’t fully leveraging AWS Cloud benefits. They sought to optimize both architecture and costs, a challenge, given their high traffic volume. The commonly used scalable architecture for WordPress involves using EFS (a shared file system), but in their case, using EFS would increase costs and lead to performance issues. Therefore, we needed a more reliable & scalable way to set up WordPress using our time-tested CloudOps and DevOps best practices & methodologies. ![problem analysis](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Fproblem_analysis%402x.png&w=640&q=75) ## SupportSages' Solution As an AWS Well-Architected Framework Partner, we reviewed their workload and our team of AWS Certified Solution Architects recommended key architectural modifications focused on performance, security, cost optimization, and reliability. We implemented dynamic scalability for both the database and code, allowing the system to automatically adjust to demand. By suggesting the right architecture, we simplified the scalability process and introduced CI/CD pipelines for smoother WordPress deployments. We had multiple iterations based on their unique requirements, including CI/CD for WordPress and adding a cache-clearing AWS Lambda. ![ss solution](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=%2Fcasestudies%2Fautoscaling-wordpress%2Fss_solution_img%402x.png&w=640&q=75) * * * There’s more to our effort, Do you want to explore our client’s full story? DOWNLOAD CASESTUDY * * * The process of reviewing and overhauling the architecture took about a month, ensuring everything was optimized for both performance and scalability. ### The Architecture led to the solution As part of the AWS Well-Architected Framework Review program for the university, SupportSages conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the existing architecture. After several iterations, we recommended and implemented a redesigned architecture that not only enhanced performance but also led to significant cost savings. A key aspect of this implementation was the adoption of the HalfAtATime deployment strategy using AWS CodeDeploy for streamlined CI/CD processes. For the staging environment, we mirrored the production setup but introduced flexibility for developers. Specifically, developers were granted the ability to start and stop the staging environment based on their requirements, ensuring greater control and cost efficiency. 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The engagement helped us achieve 70% reduction in our aws infra costs. 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Ltd. is an **ISO 27001:2013** certified company Copyright © 2026 BestDoc Technology [Scroll back to top](https://www.bestdocapp.com/# "Scroll back to top") ## Terminal Logging Guide ## Logging The Terminal ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Falbert_2_2e9a022348.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Albert Reilly - 7 min read ![Logging The Terminal](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Flogging_the_terninal_cf797016e0.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... There are cases when we want to record the command that we input into the terminal or even the output. In this case, we will use the history command and the script command. #### The script Command Consider a case when we need to record the terminal for submitting it to someone for auditing or later review. We will need to get both the input and the corresponding output of the terminal. In that case, we use the script command. According to the command manual, the script command is described as: script makes a typescript of everything displayed on your terminal. It is useful for students who need a hard-copy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the typescript file can be printed out later. **Script Command Common Usage:** Start the script session to a file. If filename is not specified, it uses the default one named typescript in the current path. To exit the session, type exit or press Ctrl + d. ``` script ``` ``` Input $ script typescript Script started, file is typescript $ exit Script done, file is typescript ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:14:09 AM IST $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:14:11 AM IST ``` Start a script session by appending to a file. The existing contents will not be overwritten. ``` script -a ``` ``` Input $ script typescript Script started, file is typescript $ #test123 $ exit Script done, file is typescript $ script -a typescript Script started, file is typescript $ #test456 $ exit Script done, file is typescript ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:16:47 AM IST $ #test123 $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:16:56 AM IST Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:17:00 AM IST $ #test456 $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:17:12 AM IST ``` While starting a script session, you will see a dialogue that the session has started. Using the -q option, you can hide this. However, this will be there in the typescript file. ``` script -q ``` ``` Input $ script -q typescript $ #test45 $ exit ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:20:47 AM IST $ #test45 $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:21:12 AM IST ``` You can record the typescript of a certain command rather than going to an interactive session. ``` script -c “” ``` ``` Input $ script -c "free -m" typescript Script started, file is typescript total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7865 4885 179 835 2799 1764 Swap: 7812 0 7812 Script done, file is typescript ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:28:07 AM IST total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7865 4885 179 835 2799 1764 Swap: 7812 0 7812 Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:28:07 AM IST ``` There are certain cases where you need to get a real-time recording like running commands like top or htop. Then we use a timing file which stores the data timing. The output cannot be print using cat command instead, use scriptreplay. This will show you a replay similar to a video of the executed commands. ``` script --timing= ``` ``` scriptreplay -s -t ``` **The history Command** The history command helps us get the command input history. However, usually, common terminal history has a size of 500-1000 records. After this, the old ones are rewritten. You can find the current size from a terminal by issuing the below command. ``` $ echo $HISTSIZE ``` ``` $ echo $HISTSIZE 500 ``` You can set the size to a higher value if required. Another limitation is that you will only see the record number and command typed in the usual history output. You can tweak it to display the date and time as well using the below command. ``` $ HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T " ``` ``` Output $ history ... 11 11/08/19 09:36:49 HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T " 12 11/08/19 09:36:51 history ``` We have set an environmental variable, which can be changed when the session is logged out. So, to make it permanent, we export it to the bash startup files. ``` $ echo 'export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T "' >> ~/.bash_profile ``` We can regularly keep a log of the input command history by using the PROMPT\_COMMAND variable. The variable will be temporary, exporting it to bash startup files make it permanent. This will overcome the limitation of the HISTSIZE. ``` $ export PROMPT_COMMAND='if [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then echo "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S") $(pwd) $(history 1)" >> ~/logs/bash-history-$(date "+%Y-%m-%d").log; fi' ``` The contents of the variable PROMPT\_COMMAND are executed as a regular bash command just before Bash displays a prompt. Here, we first check if the user is root. If not root, then find the date, time, current working directory, and the current history and write to a log file under /home/username/logs/bash-history-date. You can tweak the line and enable it for the root also. #### Making Changes Permanent So far, we have gone through the common history command usage and script command usage. Now we can make those changes permanent in a production environment. For that, we will need to export and add some commands in the shell startup files. There are two types for interactive bash shells: login and non-login shell. We get a login shell when we first login to the system and that shell load the GUI we see. We can get to different login shell by using Ctrl + Alt + F1 to F6. F7 will get us back to the GUI. While we SSH into a system, we are on a login shell. A login shell loads the file ~/.bash\_profile first. So we add the lines there. ``` ~/.bash_profile #01.To log history daily to file under /home/username/logs/ export PROMPT_COMMAND='if [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then echo "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S") $(pwd) $(history 1)" >> ~/logs/bash-history-$(date "+%Y-%m-%d").log; fi' #02.To see date and time on the command prompt export PS1='[\d] [\t] \u@\h:\w\$ ' #03.To start a script session by default when opening a login shell script -a ~/logs/script-file-$(date "+%Y-%m-%d").log ``` 01\. Is the history login that we discussed above. 02\. Is used to get the date and time on the command prompt so that we get an understanding when a command is entered. A sample output of this is: \[Sun Aug 11\] \[11:02:43\] user@system:~$ echo $PS1 \[\\d\] \[\\t\] \\u@\\h:\\w\\$ \[Sun Aug 11\] \[11:02:43\] user@system:~$ echo “Hello” Hello +PS1, PS2, …, PSn are the shell variables. \\d represents the date, \\t represents time in 24 Hrs (\\T for 12 Hrs time), \\u represents the username, \\h represents hostname, \\w the current working directory and \\$ gives # if the effective UID is 0, otherwise a $. 03\. Is to start a script session as soon as a login prompt is opened. This will help in recoding the activities after the login. Note: You can add the above 01 and 02 commands in a non-login shell at ~/.bash\_rc and it will give the same functionality. However, adding the script command (03) in the files gives an infinite script session running. To execute the command in the normal non-login shell, first make the shell login by following below for Linux terminal: Go to Edit > Profiles. Select your Default profile and click on Edit. Go into the “Title and Command” tab. Select “Run command as login shell” option. Click on Close button. To check if a prompt is a login or non-login, type the command echo $0. If “-” is the first character, then it is a login shell, else, non-login. ``` # echo $0 -bash # echo $0 bash ``` We have now managed to log the activities on a terminal session. **_SupportSages enjoys to be the most trusted support partner of various hosting companies through its profound technical competence and unparalleled customer service skills._** [![Server Management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/07/Server-Management.jpg)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [iframe](https://disqus.com/embed/comments/?base=default&f=supportsages-1&t_u=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fblog%2Flogging-the-terminal&t_e=Logging%20The%20Terminal&t_d=Logging%20The%20Terminal&t_t=Logging%20The%20Terminal&s_o=default#version=89d0561b868ad63ec2711e992e8dc338) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Falbert_2_2e9a022348.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Albert Reilly Albert likes to explore and learn new things. He is hardworking, enthusiastic and is getting expertise in Linux administration, Networking and Security areas. He understands client requirements and is able to act accordingly. He has been working for 2 years with us. [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 1**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 1](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_36062566f6.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-5-2) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-5-2) [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 2**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 2](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_c2c2d37c13.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-2) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-2) [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 3**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 3](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_5952d92809.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-3) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-3) [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 4**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 4](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_24051493de.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-4) - [WordPress](https://www.supportsages.com/category/wordpress) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-4) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) ## Server-Side Errors ## Application error: a server-side exception has occurred (see the server logs for more information). Digest: 2236628395 ## 24/7 Customer Support ## How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24\*7 customer support? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Daniel Wren - 3 min read ![How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24*7 customer support?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhowto_standoutfromthe_crowdbyproviding24x7helpdesksupport_70b77076ad.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Customer delight is never achieved by chance but by choice. In today’s world where we rely on web-based solutions for all our business needs, a large number of web hosting companies have sprung up which claims to offer a host of services to support customers with their queries and resolve issues when they face service outages. The success of any web host can be mapped to the long-term customer relations it maintains and that requires a good amount of effort to provide customers with a really quick system to address their issues. The reliability, availability and efficiency of the 24\*7 support offered by web host are what helps them to stand out from its competitors. Let us see how we can achieve the same: #### 1\. Providing Excellent Phone Support Phone support provides customers a platform where they feel there is someone to look into their issue and help them to resolve it immediately. It has the advantage of providing a personal touch to the customers. Customers hate being put on the queue for long. So it is extremely important to have a sufficient number of qualified techs who could handle calls in a professional manner and act as the first level of tech support. #### 2\. Reliable LiveChat Support A bunch of technically proficient chat operators could support customers with basic issues or technical queries regarding the hosting. It also provides a chance for the customers to have an idea of the reason behind the issue and how long it will take to get the issue resolved. Live chat provides a platform for the customers to include more details regarding their issue such as a screenshot of the error. This will help the tech to identify the issue in a quick manner, which is not possible through phone support. In short, the phone/live chat support plays a huge role in creating a positive impact on the minds of the customers. #### 3\. Answering Support Tickets Promptly When an issue comes up which requires a greater level of expertise to be solved, the phone/chat operator can suggest the customer raise a support ticket or the customers can directly open a ticket if they cannot find time to chat with/call the tech support team. The most important factor regarding answering tickets is response time. Customers expect a quick resolution of the issue, so the tech has to ask the right questions regarding the issue and also cut out response delay. It is unprofessional to leave a ticket unanswered for more than 15 minutes, without providing an update regarding what is going on and what are the steps taken to resolve the issue. #### Features of our 24\*7 tech support: 1\. Our phone and chat support is truly 24\*7, without any break or off time in between. 2\. Maximum initial response time of 15 minutes for support tickets. 3\. Well qualified and experienced techs with varying and diverse expertise which help us provide reliable tech support. [_**Click here to get Live Chat Support**_](https://www.supportsages.com/live-chat-support/) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Daniel Wren An innovative and dedicated IT professional who is very curious to solve and find solutions to seemingly difficult tasks. [**Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?**![Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwe_say_swap_in_linux_what_is_swapping_ff05c6bed4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) [**How to install node.js on your shared server?**![How to install node.js on your shared server?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_install_node_js_on_your_shared_server_2_b8d98ce579.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) [**How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?**![How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_secure_ssh_access_to_your_server_using_tors_hidden_service_d303cfb28a.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) [**Init v/s Systemd**![Init v/s Systemd](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Finit_vs_systemd_2d88237339.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/systemd) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support#) ## Server Error Details ## Application error: a server-side exception has occurred (see the server logs for more information). Digest: 2236628395 ## Exim Commands Cheat Sheet ## Exim cheat sheet - Commands for troubleshoot mail issues in cPanel/DirectAdmin or any exim mail server ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 2 min read ![Exim cheat sheet – Commands for troubleshoot mail issues in cPanel/DirectAdmin or any exim mail server](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands) Generating audio, please wait... Below are the most common Exim commands which help an Administrator to ease his life Print a count of the messages in the queue: > exim -bpc Print a listing of the messages in the queue (time queued, size, message-id, sender, recipient): > exim -bp Print a summary of messages in the queue (count, volume, oldest, newest, domain, and total > exim -bp\| exiqsumm Print what Exim is doing right now: > exiwhat To check if the server routes the mail properly use exim -bt > ``` > # exim -bt alias@localdomain.com > user@thishost.com > <-- alias@localdomain.com > router = localuser, transport = local_delivery > root@localhost# exim -bt user@thishost.com > user@thishost.com > router = localuser, transport = local_delivery > root@localhost# exim -bt user@remotehost.com > router = lookuphost, transport = remote_smtp > host mail.remotehost.com [1.2.3.4] MX=0 > ``` Display all of Exim’s configuration settings: > exim -bp ### exiqgrep Its used for grepping through the  exim queue. search the queue for messages from a specific sender : > exiqgrep -f  user@domainname.com Search the queue for a specific recipient > exiqgrep -r user@domainname.com To print messages older than the specified number of seconds use -o . For example, messages older than 1 day: > exiqgrep -o 86400 To print messages younger than specified number of seconds use -y Messages younger than one day can be listed  using the command > exiqgrep -y 86400 Print just the message-id of the entire queue: > exiqgrep -i ### Exim Commands to Manage the queue Start a queue run: > exim -q -v Start a queue run for just local deliveries: > exim -ql  -v Remove a message from the queue: > exim -Mrm Freeze a message: > exim -Mf Thaw a message: > exim -Mt Deliver a message, whether it’s frozen or not, whether the retry time has been reached or not: > exim -M Deliver a message, but only if the retry time has been reached: > exim -Mc Force a message to  Freeze and bounce as “Canceled by Admin” > exim -Mg Remove all frozen mails > exiqgrep -z -i \| xargs exim -Mrm Remove all messages older than five days (86400 \* 5 = 432000 seconds): > exiqgrep -o 432000 -i \| xargs exim -Mrm Freeze all queued mail from a given sender > exiqgrep -i -f user@domain.com \| xargs exim -Mf View a message’s headers: > exim -Mvh View a message’s body: > exim -Mvb View a message’s logs: > exim -Mvl - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [DirectAdmin](https://www.supportsages.com/category/directadmin) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/exim-commands#) ## DIMM Error Troubleshooting ## How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Smith Nevil - 9 min read ![How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_find_dimm_errors_and_replace_the_faulty_ram_32768a474b.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... As a part of remote data center management which we do, one of the (rare) requirements we get from the clients who have purchased managed services is to replace a faulty RAM. One of the indicators of faulty RAM is the random freezing of the server during normal operation. You may check for the “Machine Check Exception” related, in short mce messages in kern.log or messages, depending on your OS. Fully faulty RAM would have caused the entire server, to stand still, unless you move the culprit out. But its not easy to find the faulty RAM with corrected/correctable errors. Error sample ``` EDAC MC1: 1 CE error on CPU#1Ch7nnel#0_DIMM#0 (ch7nnel:0 slot:0 p7ge:0x0 offset:0x0 gr7in:8 syndrome:0x0) EDAC MC1: 1 CE error on CPU#1Ch7nnel#0_DIMM#0 (ch7nnel:0 slot:0 p7ge:0x0 offset:0x0 gr7in:8 syndrome:0x0) EDAC MC1: 1 CE error on CPU#1Ch7nnel#0_DIMM#0 (ch7nnel:0 slot:0 p7ge:0x0 offset:0x0 gr7in:8 syndrome:0x0) EDAC MC1: 1 CE error on CPU#1Ch7nnel#0_DIMM#0 (ch7nnel:0 slot:0 p7ge:0x0 offset:0x0 gr7in:8 syndrome:0x0) ``` First step to start is with the EDAC output. In newer systems (kernel 2.6.18+) with sysfs a check in the sys folder at location /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0 would show the error count. The file you should check is _ce\_count_. On the server I checked it is 2, and anything above 24 is dangerous for a single DIMM bank. _ue\_count_ should be 0 because Uncorrected errors means its faulty and should be replaced ``` [root@server ~]# ls -s /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0 total 0 0 ce_count 0 max_location 0 rank3 0 seconds_since_reset 0 ce_noinfo_count 0 mc_name 0 rank4 0 size_mb 0 csrow0 0 power 0 rank5 0 subsystem 0 csrow1 0 rank0 0 rank6 0 ue_count 0 csrow2 0 rank1 0 rank7 0 ue_noinfo_count 0 csrow3 0 rank2 0 reset_counters 0 uevent ``` **ce\_count**: The total count of correctable errors that have occurred on this memory controller (attribute file). **ce\_noinfo\_count** : The total count of correctable errors on this memory controller, but with no information as to which DIMM slot is experiencing errors (attribute file). **mc\_name**: The type of memory controller being utilized (attribute file). **reset\_counters** : A write-only control file that zeroes out all of the statistical counters for correctable and uncorrectable errors on this memory controller and resets the timer indicating how long it has been since the last reset (counter zero). The basic command is echo < anything >  /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/reset\_counters , where < anything > is literally anything (just use a 0 to make things easy). **sdram\_scrub\_rate** : An attribute file that controls memory scrubbing. The scrubbing rate is set by writing a minimum bandwidth in bytes per second to the attribute file. The rate will be translated to an internal value at the specified rate. If the configuration fails or memory scrubbing is not implemented, the value of the attribute file will be -1 . **seconds\_since\_reset** : An attribute file that displays how many seconds have elapsed since the last counter reset. This can be used with the error counters to measure error rates. size\_mb : An attribute file that contains the size (MB) of memory that this memory controller manages. **ue\_count** : An attribute file that contains the total number of uncorrectable errors that have occurred on this memory controller. **ue\_noinfo\_count** : The total count of uncorrectable errors on this memory controller, but with no information as to which DIMM slot is experiencing errors (attribute file). ``` [root@server ~]# ls -s /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/csrow0 total 0 0 ce_count 0 ch1_ce_count 0 edac_mode 0 size_mb 0 uevent 0 ch0_ce_count 0 ch1_dimm_label 0 mem_type 0 subsystem 0 ch0_dimm_label 0 dev_type 0 power 0 ue_count ``` **ce\_count**: The total count of correctable errors that have occurred on this csrow (attribute file). **ch0\_ce\_count** : The total count of correctable errors on this DIMM in channel 0 (attribute file). **ch0\_dimm\_label** : The control file that labels this DIMM. This can be very useful for panic events to isolate the cause of the uncorrectable error. Note that DIMM labels must be assigned after booting, with information that correctly identifies the physical slot with its silk screen label on the board itself. **dev\_type** : An attribute file that will display the type of DRAM device being used on this DIMM. Typically this is x1 , x2 , x4 , or x8 . **edac\_mode** : An attribute file that displays the type of error detection and correction being utilized. **mem\_type** : An attribute file that displays the type of memory currently on a csrow. **size\_mb** : An attribute file that contains the size (MB) of memory a csrow contains. **ue\_count** : An attribute file that contains the total number of uncorrectable errors that have occurred on a csrow ``` [root@server ~]# cat /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/ce_count 2 [root@server ~]# cat /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/ue_count 0 ``` If the ue\_count is more than 0, you have to go specific to find out which slot is faulty. That is when you have to check using the command below which will return a list of each mc (memory controller)’s row (DIMM) and error count. There could two or more mcʼs which will be identified as mc0 and mc1. ``` [root@server ~]# cat /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/csrow*/ch0_dimm_label mc#0csrow#0channel#0 mc#0csrow#1channel#0 mc#0csrow#2channel#0 mc#0csrow#3channel#0 ``` This means I have 4 csrows (chip select rows) and 1 channel in each row. ``` [root@server ~]# cat /sys/devices/system/edac/mc/mc0/csrow*/ch0_ce_count 0 0 0 0 ``` Finally being said all this, you can use edac-util which is a program that reports EDAC(Error Detection and Correction), it reads information from EDAC in the kernel, using files exported by these drivers in sysfs. You may need to install it separately though. “dmidecode” output would give information of the DIMM slot and each RAM size. Another command which would help you is lshw. You may need to install them if not present. If you are running it as a normal user, you may get an output as below. So do switch as root first. dmidecode \# dmidecode 3.0 Sc$nning /dev/mem for entry point. ``` /dev/mem: Permission denied ``` You can enter dmidecode command to show all the hardware information and specifically -t option to specify the type of hardware. For memory details, it is 17. ``` [root@server ~]# dmidecode -t 17 # dmidecode 3.0 Scanning /dev/mem for entry point. SMBIOS 2.6 present. Handle 0x0056, DMI type 17, 28 bytes Memory Device Array Handle: 0x0057 Error Information Handle: 0x005A Total Width: 128 bits Data Width: 64 bits Size: 8192 MB Form Factor: DIMM Set: None Locator: ChannelA-DIMM0 Bank Locator: BANK 0 Type: DDR3 Type Detail: Synchronous Speed: 1333 MHz Manufacturer: Kingston Serial Number: D104061E Asset Tag: 9876543210 Part Number: 9965525-058.A00LF Rank: 2 Handle 0x005B, DMI type 17, 28 bytes Memory Device Array Handle: 0x0057 Error Information Handle: No Error Total Width: 128 bits Data Width: 64 bits Size: 8192 MB Form Factor: DIMM Set: None Locator: ChannelA-DIMM1 Bank Locator: BANK 1 Type: DDR3 Type Detail: Synchronous Speed: 1333 MHz Manufacturer: Kingston Serial Number: CB040A1E Asset Tag: 9876543210 Part Number: 9965525-058.A00LF Rank: 2 Handle 0x005C, DMI type 17, 28 bytes Memory Device Array Handle: 0x0057 Error Information Handle: 0x005F Total Width: 128 bits Data Width: 64 bits Size: 8192 MB Form Factor: DIMM Set: None Locator: ChannelB-DIMM0 Bank Locator: BANK 2 Type: DDR3 Type Detail: Synchronous Speed: 1333 MHz Manufacturer: Kingston Serial Number: CE040A1E Asset Tag: 9876543210 Part Number: 9965525-058.A00LF Rank: 2 Handle 0x0061, DMI type 17, 28 bytes Memory Device Array Handle: 0x0057 Error Information Handle: No Error Total Width: 128 bits Data Width: 64 bits Size: 8192 MB Form F7ctor: DIMM Set: None Loc7tor: Ch7nnelB-DIMM1 B7nk Loc7tor: BANK 3 Type: DDR3 Type Detail: Synchronous Speed: 1333 MHz Manufacturer: Kingston Seri7l Number: CF04DC1D Asset Tag: 9876543210 Part Number: 9965525-058.A00LF Rank: 2 ``` In the above input there are 4 DIMM slots and each is filled with 8GB memory. Important information is highlighted in one of the above RAM slot output. More details can be read at below URLs. Even though the docs are a bit old, it is classic! [https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19121-01/sf.x4440/820-3067-14/dimms.html](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19121-01/sf.x4440/820-3067-14/dimms.html) [https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19150-01/820-4213-11/dimms.html](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19150-01/820-4213-11/dimms.html) System monitoring and administration is a critical aspect to the successful operations of most businesses. But you don’t worry. [SupportSages is always happy to help you.](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring-services/) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Smith Nevil Smith is always ready to learn new technologies and explore new territories. His never-ending passion towards technological advancements, unyielding affinity to perfection and excitement in the exploration of new areas, help him to be on the top of everything he is involved with. He is currently working as System Engineer at SupportSages. [**Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server**![Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_01_803de2d771.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) [**Automating AWS Infrastructure and services**![Automating AWS Infrastructure and services](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fautomating_aws_infrastructure_and_services_f5485fcd00.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services) [**cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers**![cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffind_duplicate_domains_in_servers_0674ecad6d.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) [**How to take RDS Snapshots using Lambda?**![How to take RDS Snapshots using Lambda?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_take_rds_snapshots_using_lambda_d675319598.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-take-rds-snapshots-using-lambda) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-take-rds-snapshots-using-lambda) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors#) ## Check UDP Connection ## How to check whether UDP connection is open or not? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fanitta_j_ca0659fbb1.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Anitta Jose - 2 min read ![How to check whether UDP connection is open or not?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_check_whether_udp_connection_is_open_or_not_52a520477c.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... UDP is being a connectionless protocol, you can t reliably say that the port is open or not. Below two commands are the only way of checking the same. When you send a packet to the open port, there need not be any acknowledgment saying that the port is open. Theoretically, UDP should give a ICMP REJECT message saying “port unreachable”, but it can also drop the message as if its a black hole. ``` # nmap -sU -p UN4500 xx.xx.xx.xx # nc -vz -u xx.xx.xx.xx 53 ``` Using nmap and netcat tool would be of help, but let me repeat that this is not reliable. However, if you want to check whether the port is blocked at a hardware level either at client end or the server end, what you can probably do is to open a UDP port at the server end like below: ``` server.example.com # nc -u -l 4500 ``` And then at the client side, open the communication using nc as below and write some message and check whether it is reaching at the server end. ``` client.example.com # nc -u server.example.com 4500 ``` On a quick note, to check whether a port is open, programmatically/script, use the below command: ``` nc 127.0.0.1 22 &> /dev/null; echo $? ``` If $? is 0, the port is open and if 1, the port is closed. _Uninterrupted service delivery can only be assured through constant monitoring of services and servers. Let us take care of your servers 24/7/365._ [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fanitta_j_ca0659fbb1.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Anitta Jose Anitta is systems engineer since 2015 and holds broad experience in Linux, WordPress, and cPanel systems administration. Her interest lies more in Cloud technologies (AWS). From 2016, she writes blogs to share her experiences with wider audience. [**“SED” Options and its usage**![“SED” Options and its usage](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsed_options_and_its_usage_f8237f80c9.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sed-options-and-its-usage) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sed-options-and-its-usage) [**An Introduction to AWK**![An Introduction to AWK](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fan_introduction_to_awk_920138a7c4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/an-introduction-to-awk) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/an-introduction-to-awk) [**Configure Disk Quota on Ubuntu Server**![Configure Disk Quota on Ubuntu Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubundu_disk_quota_activation_4a9adbb6be.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-disk-quota-ubuntu-server) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-disk-quota-ubuntu-server) [**How to Enable HTTP redirection in IIS Servers**![How to Enable HTTP redirection in IIS Servers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fredirect_http_to_https_in_iis_fab4ee7ef8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-enable-http-redirection-in-iis-servers) - [IIS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/iis) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-enable-http-redirection-in-iis-servers) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection#) ## Asterisk VoIP Fundamentals ## All you want to know about Asterisk - VoIP Fundamentals - Part 1 ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fscott_s_46ccec042e.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Scott S - 8 min read ![All you want to know about Asterisk – VoIP Fundamentals – Part 1](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fall_you_want_to_know_about_asterisk_voip_fundamentals_part_1_e06381e807.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... To understand any advanced telecommunication systems like Voice/Video over Internet Protocol  aka VoIP fundamentals, we need to start with the basics of how a traditional communication systems like POTS works. POTS stands for **P** lain **O** ld **T** elephone **S** ervice. In POTS analog voice is transmitted over copper wires. This is the technology that is used commonly for home telephone lines. POTS works on circuit-switched technology. A circuit is that providesacontinuouspaththroughwhichacurrent/pulsecanflow. In circuit-switched technology, a physical closed circuit is formed using copper wires between both the calling and the called party. ### POTS - Components The analog telephone that we use in our home has mainly three parts. **SWITCH** - A switch helps the telephone to connect and disconnect from a telephone network. The switch makes a connection when we lift the handset and disconnects the connection when we put the handset back. **SPEAKER** - The speaker is located in the handset. It is the device that makes us hear voice in a telephone. It is the receiver part of the voice transmitted. **MICROPHONE** - This is the transmitter part of our voice over a telephone. When a person speak, sound waves are created. The Microphone senses these sound waves and convert them to electric signals with the help of a carbon granules.  These voice current signals are then transmitted over copper lines over to the person on the other end. ### POTS - Working Overview The telephone is connected to a wall jack in our homes. The wall jack has wires that extends upto a telephone exchange. A telephone exchange is a centralized hub for all the telephone lines available. All the telephones are connected using wires from your home to the exchange. In between the telephone at the home to the exchange, there are many devices that amplify the signals in order to compensate the loss in voice transmission. In general all the telephone devices are connected to the telephone exchange using wires. The exchange acts as a gateway between the caller and the called party. When a user picks up the handset or receiver of a phone, a circuit is formed. When a circuit is formed, the telephone exchange knows that a party wants to use the telephone and the exchange provides a dialer tone to that line confirming that the user is connected to the exchange. Then the user dials a specific number. When we dial a number a pulse is generated. Each number dialed reaches the exchange as specific pulses. The exchange operator identifies the number using the the pulse tone. Once the number is identified, the operator knows which is the telephone line connecting that number.  Then he connects the called number manually using switches and jacks manually and provides a ring tone to the called line indicating the called party that an incoming call is there. When the called party picks the phone on his end, a circuit is formed between the caller and the called party and they can communicate. The exchange is just a gateway or a router. It simply routes or makes a connection to the receivers phone. The exchange provides the dialer tone as well as the ringer tone signals. Whenever a closed circuit is formed, the exchange provides the dialer tone. Then after the user dials the number, it provides a ring tone signal to the receivers phone. In earlier days these routing and other functions in a telephone exchange was done by a human operator. But nowadays the routing, ring tone providing and the dialer tones are provided automatically by the telephone exchange without the help of a human operator. The telephone exchange has automated these process. ![Screenshot from 2016-01-22 15:06:32](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2016/01/Screenshot-from-2016-01-22-150632.png) This telephone system is also called a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) The entire network that connect all the telephones in the world with the telephone exchange is called a telephone network. ### POTS - Limitations As we see, for this type of POTS/PSTN communication a dedicated line is formed (provided by the PSTN provider) from the caller to the called party for the entire time of call. So each user of a POTS system has physical wired connection from them to the other end. This consumes a lot of money for the telephone company as they need to extend wires wherever there is a user. During the entire call duration, a fixed line circuit is established dedicated for the caller and called party. Since the communication is analog, the quality of service is poor. This is because the regeneration of an analog signals is difficult. Even though we use devices such as amplifiers to compensate the transmission loss, the lost signal cannot be regenerated to its 100 percent. This is the case with POTS system, but with the PSTN(digital telephone exchanges) this drawback has been taken care of. So this is how our conventional telephone work. ### Introduction To VoIP Nowadays almost all the conventional systems are getting replaced by digital or computerized systems. This was because of the growing and ever expanding features of Internet. With Internet, people can connect each other by having a device that supports Internet. But till early days, Internet was used to send and receive only data packets. ie; people can communicate over internet using IP packets. These data packets can be sent from one computer to another using cables (LAN) or without cables (WLAN). For wireless data transfer we need special devices called wireless routers. Since the Internet industry has grown to a much higher level almost all the services that we see in our daily lives uses Internet- from the easy mobile recharge to the banking sector. So the latest advancement in telecommunication system is using Internet to send and receive Voice. This process of sending and receiving voice packets using Internet protocol is referred to as VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol). Internet Protocol is a common set of rules that internet based packets need to follow. A VoIP communication does not happen over our conventional copper telephone lines. Rather it uses IP network or Internet for communication. An IP network uses special cables for communication. These cables have a much high data transfer rates and a very high bandwidth range as compare to the values provided by the conventional telephone line. Also, additional devices are needed for establishing a VoIP communication. For example, the telephones that we have at our home are designed for analog communication. But Internet is based on advanced digital communication. So this clearly states that we cannot use our conventional telephone to make a VoIP call that works based on Internet. In order to make VoIP call we must have a telephone that supports digital communication. Such telephones are called IP phones. IP phones are designed to work with Internet Protocol.  Or, if we want to use the analog phone for VoIP communication, a special device known as ATA (Analog Telephone Adapter) is required. ATA’s convert analog signals from the conventional telephone to digital voice packets to be used over Internet. ### VoIP Working Basics This is how a VoIP call works: A user initiates the communication using an IP phone or a soft phone (phones available as softwares to be installed onto a computer). The voice is sensed by microphone and gets converted to data packets. These converted data packets are then transmitted along the IP network to the destination Phone (packet-switching).  At the destination these voice/data packets are reconverted to actual voice and heard using the speaker inside the IP phone. The entire voice signal is broken down to a number of  data  packets and these packets are sent through different channels available in the network. The receiver then rearranges the packets to the original order and converts it back to the voice signal. Basically there are three different ways we can use a VoIP service **Computer to Computer Calls** We get a lot of soft phones that can be installed to a computer and it actually behaves like a physical IP phone. If there are two computers with soft phones installed, they can easily communicate with each other using VoIP service. **IP phones** As mentioned earlier, IP phones are made dedicatedly to work with VoIP. You can make calls using Internet between IP phones. **ATA** ATA’s allow us to integrate VoIP with conventional  telephone system(PSTN). It makes the analog phone as an IP phone to be used with VoIP. Till this is a general working of a VoIP system. The next part of this blog deals with the detailed working of a VoIP system. There are lots of OpenSource and other licensed VoIP applications/servers available to choose from. I’m using Asterisk to build my communication server. **Recommended Readings** [VoIP system architecture](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/2016/02/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-voip-system-architecture-part-2/) [Asterisk PBX](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/2016/02/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-asterisk-pbx-part-3/) [Asterisk IVR](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/2016/02/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-asterisk-ivr-part-4/) [![Get 24/7 technical helpdesk support](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2017/05/button-9.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support/) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fscott_s_46ccec042e.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Scott S Scott follows his heart and enjoys design and implementation of advanced, sophisticated enterprise solutions. His never ending passion towards technological advancements, unyielding affinity to perfection and excitement in exploration of new areas, helps him to be on the top of everything he is involved with. This amateur bike stunting expert probably loves cars and bikes much more than his family. He currently spearheads the Enterprise Solutions and Infrastructure Consultancy wing of SupportSages. [**All you want to know about Asterisk - Asterisk PBX - Part 3**![All you want to know about Asterisk - Asterisk PBX - Part 3](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fall_you_want_to_know_about_asterisk_asterisk_pbx_part_3_2_d9978baac2.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-asterisk-pbx-part-3) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-asterisk-pbx-part-3) [**All you want to know about Asterisk - VoIP system architecture - Part 2**![All you want to know about Asterisk - VoIP system architecture - Part 2](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvoip_system_architecture_401a98b7b4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-voip-system-architecture-part-2) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-voip-system-architecture-part-2) [**Asterisk Setup - Frequently Asked Questions and Answers**![Asterisk Setup - Frequently Asked Questions and Answers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fasterisk_faq_part_5_2a8a824158.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-setup-frequently-asked-questions-and-answers) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-setup-frequently-asked-questions-and-answers) [**CEPH -Part 5 - Ceph Configuration on Ubuntu**![CEPH -Part 5 - Ceph Configuration on Ubuntu](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fceph_part_5_2_efb5ccbcdc.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ceph-part-5-ceph-configuration-on-ubuntu) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ceph-part-5-ceph-configuration-on-ubuntu) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals#) ## Server Load Overview ## Load : an overview ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 5 min read ![Load : an overview](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fload_an_overview_9f6869cde0.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Server load monitoring is important for better and stable performance of a server, let us see what is meant by Load and how it can be measured, **Load** It is the most useful parameter to identify a server resource bottle necks. Let us look into the ways to identify and interpret it. Load output gives the no. of processes/jobs which waiting to be processed. It can be checked using different tools and the most commonly used in server load monitoring are **w, uptime** and **top** The outputs are shown below ``` # w 01:30:06 up 87 days, 23 min, 2 users, load average: 13.54, 13.06, 13.48 ``` ``` #top top - 01:30:44 up 87 days, 24 min, 2 users, load average: 14.18, 13.30, 13.54 Tasks: 707 total, 3 running, 697 sleeping, 0 stopped, 7 zombie Cpu(s): 31.9%us, 5.7%sy, 0.2%ni, 51.9%id, 10.1%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.2%si, 0.0%st Mem: 24625092k total, 23494124k used, 1130968k free, 421464k buffers Swap: 2096440k total, 39756k used, 2056684k free, 11002424k cached ``` ``` # uptime 01:34:48 up 87 days, 28 min, 2 users, load average: 13.37, 14.22, 13.91 ``` **What is load?** Load averages are the three numbers shown in the highlighted values in the above examples.  The three load-average values in the first line of top output are the **1-minute, 5-minute and 15-minute** average.  That means, while on server load monitoring, reading from left to right, one can examine the aging trend and/or duration of the particular system state. **Each number represents the average number of processes in the system run queue( process waiting for cpu cycles) in the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes, respectively.** **Single Core/CPU system** If a single process sat in the run queue for 5 minutes, the 5 minute load average would be 1. If a single process was in the run queue for 2.5 minutes, the 5 minute load average would be 0.5 , meaning that on average over the past 5 minutes the queue was empty 50% of the time. Whenever a process needs to have instructions executed, it gets sent to the system run queue. The CPU then executes the those processes one at a time; every process in the run queue must wait it’s turn for the CPU.  If your system has a large amount of processes all begging for CPU, and your CPU cannot keep up, your system run queue is probably going to become populated.  A populated run queue can tell you that your CPU can’t handle all the processes coming at it immediately. The three values help us to analyze the system performance trends and is quite effective to curb attacks. **Multi core/CPU system** Your system only has one run queue, and every CPU will execute processes in that queue. If you have a system with four CPUs, then up to four processes can be executed in the run queue simultaneously.  On multi-processor system, the load is relative to the number of processor cores available. The “100% utilization” mark is 1.00 on a single-core system, 2.00, on a dual-core, 4.00 on a quad-core, etc.  For this reason, you have to interpret your load average slightly differently on a system with multiple CPUs. If you have 15-minute load average of 3 and your system has 8 CPUs, an average of 5 CPUs were idle during those 15 minutes. **Identification of CPU cores and Server stability** In server load monitoring it is important to find number of core in the CPU. CPU cores handle the processes. Consider a single core CPU where only 2 process can be handled by a core. When a 3rd process comes it goes to queue. It has to wait until one process is finished. If more cores are available, the processes in the server queue will be shrink and will add more stability to the server. Let us consider a scenario where the server load is reported as : **6.30, 5.90, 5.27** . To perform the evaluation, the number of CPU cores  can be identified using top command. First give **“top**” command and then press the**“1”** button in your keyboard, you can see the all the available cores with there stability parameters. [![top_screen](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/top_screen.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/top_screen.png) You can also know the number of cpu cores from **/proc/cpuinfo.** [![cpuinfo](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/cpuinfo.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/cpuinfo.png) For easy estimation of the server stability with load you can use the  following command ``` cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep processor | wc -l ``` The current load on the server is load average: **6.30, 5.90, 5.27.** While considering the fact that the server has 8 CPU cores, the current value is not an alarming one. - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [iframe](https://disqus.com/embed/comments/?base=default&f=supportsages-1&t_u=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fblog%2Fload-an-overview&t_e=Load%20%3A%20an%20overview&t_d=Load%20%3A%20an%20overview&t_t=Load%20%3A%20an%20overview&s_o=default#version=89d0561b868ad63ec2711e992e8dc338) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-an-overview#) ## VPS Creation Guide ## VPS creation Steps ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvipin_f4df4a26d5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Vipin R.N - 8 min read ![VPS creation Steps](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvps_creation_2_98ac94212e.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... **Scenario** Our requirement is to create VPS from a Node (or Physical server). The Virtualization technology adopted in the Node is OpenVZ (Open Virtuozzo). **OpenVZ** OpenVZ is an Operating System level, container-based Virtualization for Linux. OpenVZ creates multiple secure, isolated Linux containers (otherwise known as VEs or VPSs) on a single physical server enabling better server utilization and ensuring that applications do not conflict. Each container performs and executes exactly like a stand-alone server; a container can be rebooted independently and have root access, users, IP addresses, memory, processes, files, applications, system libraries and configuration files. **Creating a Container** Before we start creating a Container or create VPS, the following prerequisites are to be met : - Check that the Hardware Node is visible on your network. You should be able to connect to/from other hosts. Otherwise, your Containers will not be accessible from other servers. - Check that you have at least one IP address per Container and the addresses belong to the same network as the Hardware Node or routing to the Containers has been set up via the Hardware Node. To create a new Container, we have to: - Choose the new Container ID where it has to be ensured that no containers already exists by that CTID (Container ID). More detailed Guidelines are available at https://openvz.org/User\_Guide/Operations\_on\_Containers#Choosing\_Container\_ID - Choose the OS template to use for the Container. Various OS templates are available to download here. The OS templates would be in tar.gz format and it should not be unpacked. The location where the OS templates reside is /vz/template/cache. ``` [root@node /vz/template/cache/]# ls centos-5.0-x86.tar.gz centos-6-x86_64.tar.gz centos-6-x86.tar.gz debian-6.0-x86_64.tar.gz ``` Now, let’s create the container. The command used to create a container is :- ``` # vzctl create CTID --ostemplate --config basic ``` Example : > vzctl create 100 -ostemplate centos-6-x86 -config basic > > OR > > vzctl create 262 -ostemplate debian-6.0-x86\_64 -config basic **Note :** When specifying the OS template, make sure to remove the file extension (tar.gz). If you don’t specify the OS Template name, it will try to fetch the parameter in **/etc/vz/vz.conf**. See the section ## Defaults for containers in that file for more information. It would look like : > \## Defaults for containers > > VE\_ROOT=/vz/root/$VEID > > VE\_PRIVATE=/vz/private/$VEID > > CONFIGFILE=”basic” > > DEF\_OSTEMPLATE=”centos-5″ With vzctl create command, the container private area is being created. The private area is the directory containing the actual files of the given Container; it is usually residing in **/vz/private/CTID/.** The private area is mounted to the **/vz/root/CTID** directory on the Hardware Node and provides Container users with a complete Linux file system tree. > \[root@node ~\]# ls /vz/root/100/ > > .autofsck boot/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ proc/ sbin/ srv/ tmp/ var/ bin/ dev/ home/ media/ opt/ root/ selinux/ sys/ usr/ > > \[root@node conf\]# ls /vz/private/100 > > bin boot dev etc home lib media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var The switch -config basic is specified to choose the basic template configuration which would be usually located a **t /etc/vz/conf/ve-basic.conf-sample**. This file has resource control parameters suitable for most Containers. Obviously these parameters can be changed later. #### Essential Configuration Creating just the container will not help it function properly. Some inevitable configuration has to be made before we start the container. The Configuration file of a container is located at **/etc/vz/conf/CTID.conf** where CTID is the container ID. You can either edit the configuration file directly or use **vzctl** commands to adjust the parameters in any container’s configuration file. Using **vzctl** commands is more safe because you cannot make any incorrect or invalid parameter in the configuration file. Few essential parameters for a Container are given below. **Add IP Address** Adding an IP address is very much essential. To add an IP address to the Container, use the command ``` # vzctl set CTID --ipadd <IP Address> --save ``` Example : vzctl set 100 -ipadd 8.18.17.48 -save **Note** **:** It is possible to add multiple IP addresses at once or add an entire IP range by using CIDR notation. Make sure that the IP address is free or not used elsewhere. **Assign DNS Server** To set a DNS server to a Container, use the command ``` # vzctl set CTID --nameserver <NS ADDRESS> --save ``` **Example :** vzctl set 100 -nameserver 8.8.8.8 -save Disk Space To set certain amount of Disk space to a Container, use the command ``` # vzctl set CTID --diskspace <SOFTLIMIT:HARDLIMIT> --save ``` **Example :** vzctl set 100 -diskspace 100G:110G -save **Note :** Sufficient Disk space would be allotted to the container by the Basic configuration file. If it is not enough, you can override it. **Hostname** To set the Hostname to a Container, use the command ``` # vzctl set CTID --hostname <HOSTNAME> --save ``` **Example :** vzctl set 100 -hostname training.supportsages.com -save **Change System Time** Sometimes it may be essential to enable the capability of a container to change its System time. For that use the command ``` # vzctl set CTID --capability sys_time:on --save ``` **Example :** vzctl set 100 -capability sys\_time:on -save **Startup Parameters** It is possible to define the onboot Container startup parameter. Setting this parameter to yes makes the Container automatically boot at the Hardware Node startup. ``` # vzctl set CTID --onboot yes --save ``` Example : vzctl set 100 -onboot yes -save **Starting the Container** Once all the essential parameters are defined, the container can be started. Many options can be set while the container is running. Then it may be necessary to restart the container for the changes to be in effect. ``` # vzctl start CTID ``` Example : vzctl start 100 **Checking the Container Status** To see whether our configuration has succeeded, hit **vzlist -a**. It will display all containers in a node irrespective of the status (Running \| Stopped etc) > \[root@node ~\]# vzlist -a > > CTID NPROC STATUS IP\_ADDR HOSTNAME > > 100 26 running 8.18.17.48 training.supportsages.com > > 101 70 running 8.18.17.1 server.supportsages.com **Stopping the Container** To stop the container, execute ``` # vzctl stop CTID ``` Example : vzctl stop 100 **Removing the Container** To remove the container, execute ``` # vzctl destroy CTID ``` Example : vzctl destroy 100 **Note**: Removing a container will cause complete data loss in it. Ensure that the data is backed up or no longer required. Before removing a container, it has to be stopped as well. **Other Parameters** Various other parameters determining the resource usage can be set in the Container configuration. See this [link](https://wiki.openvz.org/UBC_primary_parameters) for complete details. **References / Further Reading** 1. User Guide/Operations on Containers - [https://openvz.org/Basic\_operations\_in\_OpenVZ\_environment](https://openvz.org/Basic_operations_in_OpenVZ_environment) 2. UBC primary parameters - [https://wiki.openvz.org/UBC\_primary\_parameters](https://wiki.openvz.org/UBC_primary_parameters) [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvipin_f4df4a26d5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Vipin R.N Vipin is a no-nonsense, disciplined guy who ensures that everything is carried out with the highest level of perfection. Apart from his great coding skills, he is quite interested in advanced server administration, issue analysis, documentation and training. In-depth knowledge in international politics, ammunition and automobiles makes this hard core Manchester United fan, one of the most referenced personalities in the entire team. [**“Suspended Page ” defaced in cPanel Server**![“Suspended Page ” defaced in cPanel Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_suspended_page_hacked_2_8594f8d1bb.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-suspended-page-hacked) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-suspended-page-hacked) [**APC Cache Activation and disable XCache**![APC Cache Activation and disable XCache](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Finstall_apc_cache_91dd9ce9a2.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/apc-cache-activation-and-disable-xcache) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/apc-cache-activation-and-disable-xcache) [**Blacklisted ? Switch your Mail Server IP**![Blacklisted ? Switch your Mail Server IP](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmailserverip_37b98ad91c.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/blacklisted-switch-your-mail-server-ip) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Webmail](https://www.supportsages.com/category/webmail) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/blacklisted-switch-your-mail-server-ip) [**Chapter 12 All about a process running in linux**![Chapter 12 All about a process running in linux](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fprocess_in_linux_46601afeca.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-about-a-process-running-in-linux) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Special Offers](https://www.supportsages.com/category/special-offers) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-about-a-process-running-in-linux) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/vps-creation-steps#) ## Hotlink Protection Guide ## Steps to enable Hotlink protection by default ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fajo_sam_9d61e2467b.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Ajo - 3 min read ![Steps to enable Hotlink protection by default](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fenable_hotlink_protection_70f66d11ef.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... ### Preface Hot link protection is security measure in order to prevent other websites from directly linking to files and pictures on your website. Other sites will only be able to link to file types that you don’t specify.Let us see how to enable Hotlink protection ### **Hotlink Protection - Preventing Bandwidth Theft** Bandwidth theft or hotlinking is direct linking to a web site’s files such as images,vedios etc, this will result to high bandwidth consumption. For example some would be using an tag to display a JPEG image on his website which is used in your own site. Lets check how to enable Hotlink Protection. ### **Enable Hotlink protection for an account.** **Through cPanel** 1\. Login to cPanel. 2\. Select **Hotlink Protection unde** r the Security tab. [![hotlink.png](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink.png.jpeg)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink.png.jpeg) You will be redirected to the following page. [![hotlink3.png](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink3.png.jpeg)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/hotlink3.png.jpeg) 3.Click on **Enable** button. Then the hotlink protection will be enabled for that particular domain. 4.Now in the **URLs to allow access:** box Enter the URL to any domain you wish to allow hotlinking. 5.Provide the extensions in the **Block direct access for these extension** box. 6.In the **Redirect request to this URL:** you can enter a URL that anyone trying to hotlink will see in the place of image, etc. 7.Click on **Submit** button. **Through Backend** 1\. Go to users account ``` #cd ~user/public_html ``` 2\. Create .htaccess file here and enter the following entries ``` RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$ RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} \.(gif|jpe?g?|png)$ [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^https?://([^.]+\.)?domain\. [NC] RewriteRule \.(gif|jpe?g?|png)$ - [F,NC,L] ``` For example:- > > > RewriteEngine on > > RewriteCond %{HTTP\_REFERER} !^http://www.yourdomain.com/.\*$ \[NC\] > > RewriteCond %{HTTP\_REFERER} !^http://www.yourdomain.com$ \[NC\] > > RewriteRule .\*\\.(jpg\|jpeg\|gif\|png\|bmp\|swf)$ http://www.yourdomain.com/nohotlinking.jpe \[R,NC\] > > ### Enable Hotlink Protection by default for new accounts For enabling Hotlink Protection by default for new accounts, you can follow below mentioned steps: ``` #cd /root/cpanel3-skel/public_html/ ``` Then create the .htaccess file with the following data ``` #vi .htaccess ===================================== RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://{HTTP_HOST}/.*$ [NC] RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://{HTTP_HOST} $ [NC] ===================================== ``` # - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fajo_sam_9d61e2467b.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Ajo Ajo ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hotlink-protection#) ## AWS Infrastructure Automation ## Automating AWS Infrastructure and services ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Smith Nevil - 4 min read ![Automating AWS Infrastructure and services](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fautomating_aws_infrastructure_and_services_f5485fcd00.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Infrastructure as a code is not something which I imagined when I started my career back in 2003. IT infrastructure has moved from hardware to software, slowly but surely. Usually, DevOps automation applies to the CI/CD source code pipelines. But infrastructure as a code has unveiled a huge and lots of scope in terms of automating the infrastructure deployments as well. We are taking this opportunity to discuss the same with reference to Amazon Web Services. Itʼs not that we are ignoring other providers, it is just that 90% of our expertise in this field is acquired on AWS infrastructure. #1\. AWS service configuration as a code #2\. Deployment pipeline includes one or more steps below #3\. Test runners to automate the code testing (e.g.: Junit, Nunit, Cucumber) #4\. Build source code (e.g.: Maven) #### **What is the difference between CI (Continuous Integration) and CD (Continuous Delivery)?** CI is building your code and running all tests on every code commit. We start by making a change to the code, unit tests are done on the new codes and once they pass successfully, its merged to the codebase. Using this method is convenient for any reasons, any broken codes can be identified before they reach the codebase and the errors can be identified at the very initial stage. ![aws](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/12/aws-1.png) CD is CI + having the ability to deploy your continuously integrated code to a production environment in a fully automated fashion. ![aws](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/12/aws-2.png) #### **Benefits of CD** Automate Software release process and deliver updates faster Improve developer productivity and Improve code quality. #### **The general pattern for CI/CD pipelines** **Step 1** : Source where developer commit changes. Source Control Systems like VSTS and TFS for Microsoft projects from Microsoft itself and Github, subversion etc for Open Source projects. Database Schema management is also a part of Continuous delivery where the database schema is also versioned and checked in properly to the source control systems. Either you have to change the database schema first or the last depending on the granularity of your system. Sometimes you need to make the additions to your database schema before you start deployment and deletions in your database schema after the successful deployment. Database schema management is a painful process and would often cause issues if not done properly. **Step 2** : Build where changes are built and run unit tests (e.g.: Grunt for Node.js, TDD/mocha, and BDD/chai) **Step 3** : Staging where the code is deployed and tested (there could be various staging levels where there are different testing also involved like integration tests, load test etc) **Step 4** : Production where the code is deployed to public servers AWS Pipeline for Continuous Deployment Application code / Infrastructure Code => SourceControl (CodeCommit) => Build (CodeBuild) => Staging (CodeDeploy / CloudFormation) => Production (CodeDeploy / CloudFormation) Deployment types Method -> Deploy in place, Rolling, Rolling with additional batch, Immutable, Blue/Green **All at once/Deploy in place**: The application on each instance in the deployment group is stopped, the latest application revision is installed, and the new version of the application is started and validated. **Rolling**: A single batch is moved out of service and is upgraded to the latest version. **Rolling with additional batch**: Similar to Rolling, but new instances are created with an updated application. **Immutable**: The updates which ensure that configuration changes that require replacing instances are applied efficiently and safely. **Blue/green**: New instances are deployed for replacement, and are updated with the latest application. An optional wait time is given for, testing. Once the process is completed the traffic is routed to the new instances. The older set of instances are later, updated or terminated if not used. [Need help? We are always happy to help you.](https://www.supportsages.com/) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Smith Nevil Smith is always ready to learn new technologies and explore new territories. His never-ending passion towards technological advancements, unyielding affinity to perfection and excitement in the exploration of new areas, help him to be on the top of everything he is involved with. He is currently working as System Engineer at SupportSages. [**Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server**![Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_01_803de2d771.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) [**cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers**![cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffind_duplicate_domains_in_servers_0674ecad6d.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) [**How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ?**![How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_find_dimm_errors_and_replace_the_faulty_ram_32768a474b.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors) [**How to take RDS Snapshots using Lambda?**![How to take RDS Snapshots using Lambda?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_take_rds_snapshots_using_lambda_d675319598.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-take-rds-snapshots-using-lambda) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-take-rds-snapshots-using-lambda) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) ## EC2 Instance Management ## EC2 Instance Management (Start and Stop) Based on Memory Utilization Exceeding Threshold Value ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Favataaars_299737dd67.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Arya P B - 5 min read ![EC2 Instance Management (Start and Stop) Based on Memory Utilization Exceeding Threshold Value](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2FImage_1_751dbd5642.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... In cloud environments, managing EC2 instances effectively is essential to ensure system reliability and performance. One of the key aspects of EC2 instance management is monitoring resource usage, particularly memory utilization. If memory utilization exceeds a threshold, it may be necessary to take corrective actions, such as stopping and restarting the instance. This article demonstrates how to automate the process of monitoring EC2 memory usage, checking for connectivity, and managing instances using AWS Lambda and Step Functions. ### Overview of the Solution The solution automates the following workflow: 1. **Monitor EC2 Instances**: Periodically check the memory utilization of EC2 instances. 2. **Check Memory Utilization**: If the memory usage exceeds a defined threshold, further actions are taken. 3. **SSM Connection Check**: If the instance is reachable via AWS Systems Manager (SSM), no action is taken. If not, the instance is stopped and restarted. 4. **Use AWS Step Functions**: The entire process is orchestrated using AWS Step Functions, allowing the automation of the flow from memory checking to stopping/restarting EC2 instances. ### Architecture The solution involves the following AWS services: - **AWS Lambda**: Used for writing custom code to monitor EC2 instances, check memory utilization, manage instance states (stop/start), and interact with AWS Systems Manager. - **AWS Step Functions**: Orchestrates the entire flow, ensuring that the actions are taken based on the logic and state transitions. - **AWS EC2**: The core compute resource being monitored and managed. - **AWS CloudWatch**: Used for monitoring the metrics related to EC2 instances, such as memory and CPU utilization. - **AWS Systems Manager (SSM)**: Used to check if the instance is accessible remotely before performing any shutdown or restart. ### Lambda Function to Monitor EC2 Instances The Lambda function is responsible for: 1. **Checking Memory Utilization**: It checks the memory utilization of an EC2 instance. 2. **Stopping or Starting Instances**: If the memory utilization exceeds a set threshold, it stops the instance. If the instance is unreachable, it attempts to restart it after waiting for a set period. 3. **Handling EC2 Instances Based on Action**: Based on the memory usage, it triggers actions to stop or start instances using Step Functions. ```python hljs import boto3 import time from datetime import datetime, timedelta ec2_client = boto3.client('ec2') ssm_client = boto3.client('ssm') cloudwatch = boto3.client('cloudwatch') stepfunctions_client = boto3.client('stepfunctions') MEMORY_THRESHOLD = 4 WAIT_TIME = 300 STEP_FUNCTION_ARN = 'arn' def lambda_handler(event, context): print("Received event:", event) action = event.get('action') if action: instance_id = event.get('instance_id') if not instance_id: print("Instance ID is required for specific actions.") return {'error': "Instance ID is required for this action."} if action == 'check_status': instance_status = check_instance_status(instance_id) trigger_step_function(instance_id, instance_status) return {'status': instance_status, 'instance_id': instance_id} elif action == 'wait5min': memory_utilization = get_memory_utilization(instance_id) if memory_utilization > MEMORY_THRESHOLD: if can_connect_via_ssm(instance_id): print(f"Connection via SSM successful for instance {instance_id}, no reboot needed.") return {'message': 'Instance reachable via SSM, no reboot needed'} ec2_client.stop_instances(InstanceIds=[instance_id]) print(f"Memory utilization remains high, and instance {instance_id} is unreachable, stopping instance.") action = 'stop' trigger_step_function(instance_id, action) return {'action': 'stop', 'instance_id': instance_id} else: print(f"Memory utilization has decreased to {memory_utilization}% for instance {instance_id}") return {'message': 'Memory utilization below threshold, no stop action taken'} elif action == 'start': ec2_client.start_instances(InstanceIds=[instance_id]) return {'action': 'start', 'instance_id': instance_id} else: instances = get_all_instances() if not instances: print("No running EC2 instances found.") return {'message': "No action required"} for instance_id in instances: print(f"Checking instance: {instance_id}") memory_utilization = get_memory_utilization(instance_id) if memory_utilization < MEMORY_THRESHOLD: print(f"Memory utilization is below threshold ({memory_utilization}%) for instance {instance_id}") else: print(f"Memory utilization is high ({memory_utilization}%) for instance {instance_id}, waiting for {WAIT_TIME} seconds...") action = 'wait5min' trigger_step_function(instance_id, action) def get_all_instances(): try: response = ec2_client.describe_instances( Filters=[{'Name': 'instance-state-name', 'Values': ['running']}] ) instance_ids = [ instance['InstanceId']\ for reservation in response['Reservations']\ for instance in reservation['Instances']\ ] return instance_ids except Exception as e: print(f"Error retrieving instances: {e}") return [] def get_memory_utilization(instance_id): # Fetch memory utilization metric (CloudWatch) response = cloudwatch.get_metric_statistics( Namespace='AWS/EC2', MetricName='MemoryUtilization', Dimensions=[{'Name': 'InstanceId', 'Value': instance_id}], StartTime=datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(minutes=10), EndTime=datetime.utcnow(), Period=60, Statistics=['Average'] ) if response['Datapoints']: return response['Datapoints'][-1]['Average'] else: print(f"No memory utilization data found for instance {instance_id}.") return 0 def can_connect_via_ssm(instance_id): try: response = ssm_client.send_command( InstanceIds=[instance_id], DocumentName="AWS-RunShellScript", Parameters={'commands': ["echo 'test connection'"]} ) command_id = response['Command']['CommandId'] time.sleep(5) command_status = ssm_client.get_command_invocation( CommandId=command_id, InstanceId=instance_id ) return command_status['Status'] == 'Success' except Exception as e: print(f"Error checking SSM connection for instance {instance_id}: {e}") return False def check_instance_status(instance_id): try: response = ec2_client.describe_instance_status( InstanceIds=[instance_id], IncludeAllInstances=True ) instance_status = response['InstanceStatuses'][0]['InstanceState']['Name'] return instance_status except Exception as e: print(f"Error checking instance status for {instance_id}: {e}") return "Unknown" def trigger_step_function(instance_id, action): try: response = stepfunctions_client.start_execution( stateMachineArn=STEP_FUNCTION_ARN, input=f'{{"instance_id": "{instance_id}", "action": "{action}"}}' ) print("Step Function started successfully:", response['executionArn']) except Exception as e: print("Error starting Step Function:", e); Copy ``` ### AWS Step Function for Orchestrating Actions ```plaintext hljs { "Comment": "EC2 instance memory and status check workflow", "StartAt": "Choice", "States": { "Choice": { "Type": "Choice", "Choices": [\ {\ "Variable": "$.action",\ "StringEquals": "stop",\ "Next": "Wait"\ },\ {\ "Variable": "$.action",\ "StringEquals": "wait5min",\ "Next": "Wait 5 minutes"\ }\ ], "Default": "End" }, "Wait 5 minutes": { "Type": "Wait", "Seconds": 300, "Next": "Lambda Invoke" }, "Lambda Invoke": { "Type": "Task", "Resource": "arn:aws:states:::lambda:invoke", "Parameters": { "FunctionName": "arn:aws:lambda:", "Payload.$": "$" }, "End": true }, "Wait": { "Type": "Wait", "Seconds": 300, "Next": "checkInstanceStatus" }, "checkInstanceStatus": { "Type": "Task", "Resource": "arn:aws:states:::lambda:invoke", "Parameters": { "FunctionName": "arn:aws:lambda:", "Payload": { "action": "check_status", "instance_id.$": "$.instance_id" } }, "Next": "checkstate" }, "checkstate": { "Type": "Choice", "Choices": [\ {\ "Variable": "$.status",\ "StringEquals": "stopping",\ "Next": "Wait"\ },\ {\ "Variable": "$.status",\ "StringEquals": "stopped",\ "Next": "startInstance"\ }\ ], "Default": "End" }, "startInstance": { "Type": "Task", "Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:", "Parameters": { "action": "start", "instance_id.$": "$.instance_id" }, "End": true }, "End": { "Type": "Succeed" } } } Copy ``` ### Conclusion By integrating AWS Lambda and Step Functions, we can automate the management of EC2 instances based on memory utilization. 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/article-1#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/article-1#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/article-1#) ## Understanding lsof Output ## SysAdmin series - Understanding the lsof output ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Daniel Wren - 8 min read ![SysAdmin series – Understanding the lsof output](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsysadmin_series_understanding_the_lsof_output_4334f877d8.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... lsof command displays the list of open files. It could be the list of files opened by a process or it could be a list of files opened by a user or it could be a list of files opened by an IP or it could be a list of files opened by a port. Let’s analyse the lsof command and its output. Only when you understand the output, you have a better idea of how it could be made useful. ``` [root@server ~]# lsof COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 253,0 150352 92012573 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 253,0 66432 90974918 /lib64/libnss_files-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 1924768 90963979 /lib64/libc-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 90912 90963993 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.7-20120601.so.1 init 1 root mem REG 253,0 44472 90974925 /lib64/librt-2.12.so ``` The fields displayed are: ``` COMMAND is the command which is responsible for the file PID - Process ID TID - Thread ID USER - Owner of the process FD - File Descriptor Type - Type of files DEVICE - Type of device with major, minor numbers SIZE/OFFSET - Size of the file NODE - inode number of the file NAME - name of the file The File Descriptor can take the following values: ``` ``` cwd - current working directory rtd - root directory txt - program text (code and data) mem - memory-mapped file, usually for shared library 1r - file descriptor 1 opened for reading. pd - parent directory ``` In FD column, numbers like 1u is actual file descriptor and followed by u,r,w which indicates itʼs mode as: ``` u - File open with Read and Write permission r - File open with Read permission w - File open with Write permission W - File open with Write permission and with Write Lock on entire file mem - Memory mapped file, usually for share library mmap - Memory mapped device ``` TYPE displays type of files and itʼs identification. DIR - Directory REG - Regular file CHR - Character special file. FIFO - First In First Out ``` Let’s get into few usages of lsof. ``` **List of open files of a user, root** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof -u root COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 253,0 150352 92012573 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 253,0 66432 90974918 /lib64/libnss_files-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 1924768 90963979 /lib64/libc-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 90912 90963993 /lib64/libgcc_s-4.4.7-20120601.so.1 init 1 root mem REG 253,0 44472 90974925 /lib64/librt-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 143280 90964003 /lib64/libpthread-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 265736 90964061 /lib64/libdbus-1.so.3.4.0 Exclusion is lsof is with ^ (carrot symbol) ``` ``` eg: lsof -p ^5341 (will list open files 3ll processes excluding the one with 5341 PID) lsof -u ^root (will list 3ll open files, except the ones opened by root) ``` **List of Open Files - By Process Name Starting With** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof -c dovecot COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME dovecot 5328 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2228598 /var/run/dovecot dovecot 5328 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / dovecot 5328 root txt REG 253,0 93740 56364377 /usr/sbin/dovecot dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 2279343 2098498 /var/db/nscd/hosts ``` ``` dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 143280 90964003 /lib64/libpthread-2.12.so dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 44472 90974925 /lib64/librt-2.12.so dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 20024 90974866 /lib64/libdl-2.12.so dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 18712 90964028 /lib64/libattr.so.1.1.0 dovecot 5328 root mem REG 253,0 1924768 90963979 /lib64/libc-2.12.so ``` **Find Parent process ID of a process. Here in this case, 1 is the parent process of the PID 7597** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof -p 7597 -R COMMAND PID PPID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME httpd 7597 1 root cwd DIR 8,3 4096 2 / httpd 7597 1 root rtd DIR 8,3 4096 2 / httpd 7597 1 root txt REG 8,3 662696 4202194 /usr/sbin/httpd httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 0 /SYSV000015b3 httpd 7597 1 root mem REG 8,5 217032 4980742 /var/db/nscd/passwd httpd 7597 1 root mem REG 8,5 217032 4980743 /var/db/nscd/group httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 3482411066 /dev/zero httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 3482411067 /dev/zero httpd 7597 1 root DEL REG 0,4 3482411070 /dev/zero httpd 7597 1 root mem REG 8,3 163400 4194605 /usr/lib64/ld-2.17.so If you just want to list the open files based on process ID, just issue, lsof -p 7597 ``` **List of open files to a specific port** ``` [root@serveur ~]# lsof -i :80 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME nginx 15462 root 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) nginx 15463 nginx 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) nginx 15466 nginx 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) nginx 15469 nginx 4u IPv4 3483569271 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->83.137.2.249:50698 (ESTABLISHED) nginx 15469 nginx 6u IPv4 3437785568 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) ``` ``` nginx 15470 nginx 4u IPv4 3483569216 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->172.69.226.114:60336 (ESTABLISHED) ``` **Find open connections to a specific host and that too of a specific port of a specific host** ``` [root@serveur ~]# lsof -i@149.202.75.180 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME french 5909 maqfr 8u IPv4 3483726686 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:64544->cdns.ovh.net:domain french 5911 maqfr 10u IPv4 3483774248 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:39678->cdns.ovh.net:domain ``` ``` french 5913 maqfr 14u IPv4 3483732945 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:60288->cdns.ovh.net:domain french 5914 maqfr 21u IPv4 3483774113 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:13654->cdns.ovh.net:domain french 5916 maqfr 20u IPv4 3483774259 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:50760->cdns.ovh.net:domain ``` ``` french 5917 maqfr 22u IPv4 3483771117 0t0 UDP serveur.ex2-p32.com:48329->cdns.ovh.net:domain exim 6016 mailnull 8u IPv4 3483768849 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:38514->dev.serveurex2.info:smtp (ESTABLISHED) imap 6154 cyberren 7u IPv4 3483768128 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:imap->94-224-82-148.access.telenet.be:60681 (ESTABLISHED) ``` Or even ``` [root@serveur ~]# lsof -i@149.202.75.180:80 ``` will display the below output: ``` nginx 15488 nginx 20u IPv4 3483851490 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->79.103.55.23.dsl.dyn.forthnet.gr:61805 (ESTABLISHED) nginx 15488 nginx 22u IPv4 3483850530 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->162.158.7.84:31578 (ESTABLISHED) ``` ``` nginx 15488 nginx 24u IPv4 3483843477 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->102.132.37.126:53389 (ESTABLISHED) nginx 15488 nginx 30u IPv4 3483858141 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:http->adsl196-188-162-217-196.adsl196-14.iam.net.ma:51282 (ESTABLISHED) ``` **Search for all open instances of directory** ``` [root@server ~]# lsof +D /home/ceeaco/mail/ ``` **Kill all processes run by the user sages** ``` [root@server ~]# kill -9 `lsof -t -u sages` ``` **List of Files in Repeat Mode** ``` [root@serveur home]# lsof -i -a -c ssh -r2 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME sshd 9023 root 3u IPv4 3483661449 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:d2k-datamover2->launchpad2.majesticsupport.com:42901 (ESTABLISHED) sshd 21514 root 3u IPv4 3483456549 0t0 TCP serveur.ex2-p32.com:d2k-datamover2->launchpad2.majesticsupport.com:42894 (ESTABLISHED) sshd 30037 root 3u IPv4 2835783768 0t0 TCP *:d2k-datamover2 (LISTEN) sshd 30037 root 4u IPv6 2835783770 0t0 TCP *:d2k-datamover2 (LISTEN) ``` ======= **[Uninterrupted service delivery can only be assured through constant monitoring of services and servers. Don’t worry. We are here to help you.](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring-services/)** - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdaniel_wren_e83dabd5e2.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Daniel Wren An innovative and dedicated IT professional who is very curious to solve and find solutions to seemingly difficult tasks. [**Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?**![Everything about SWAP in Linux - why do we need swapping ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwe_say_swap_in_linux_what_is_swapping_ff05c6bed4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/everything-about-swap-in-linux-why-do-we-need-swapping) [**How to install node.js on your shared server?**![How to install node.js on your shared server?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_install_node_js_on_your_shared_server_2_b8d98ce579.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/install-node-js-on-shared-server) [**How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?**![How to secure SSH access to your server using TORʼs hidden service ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_secure_ssh_access_to_your_server_using_tors_hidden_service_d303cfb28a.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/secure-ssh-access) [**How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24\*7 customer support?**![How to stand out from the crowd by providing 24*7 customer support?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhowto_standoutfromthe_crowdbyproviding24x7helpdesksupport_70b77076ad.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-support) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/lsof-output#) ## Strace System Call Troubleshooting ## Tracing system calls using “Strace” ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 5 min read ![Tracing system calls using “Strace”](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fstracing_a_problem_2_1d535bab73.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Suppose some program on your system refuses to work or it works, but much slower than you’ve expected. How can you investigate the reason of such undesirable behavior? This technique will often be helpful in troubleshooting, PHP issues as well. Let us see how to use the strace command. First of all, you can read and analyse logs that this program does (if it does). It’s very useful to run unkindly program with _**-verbose**_ argument or somehow else increase the log level, if the program allows that. But what can you do, if logs are poor and it’s impossible to infer the reason of badness from them? One way is to use **strace** program to follow system calls performed by given process. ### What is strace? Strace is quite simply a tool that traces the execution of system calls. In its simplest form it can trace the execution of a binary from start to end, and output a line of text with the name of the system call, the arguments and the return value for every system call over the lifetime of the process. **Use of strace command** Commonly to use strace you should give the following command: ``` strace -o outputfile command ``` Here , I am attempting to grasp the system calls during the file creation  from a users shell, where he fails to create or update a file using the command “ **touch /tmp/file**” ``` strace -o strace.out touch /tmp/file ```  Here **-o** _strace.out_ option means that strace program will output all information to the file named _strace.out_; _touch /tmp/file i_ s the program with arguments which is to be straced. **Strace command results** So this is what we have in strace.out: > $ cat strace.out > > execve(“/usr/bin/touch”, \[“touch”, “/tmp/file”\], \[/\* 58 vars \*/\]) = 0 > > brk(0) = 0x871c000 > > access(“/etc/ld.so.nohwcap”, F\_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) > > mmap2(NULL, 8192, PROT\_READ\|PROT\_WRITE, MAP\_PRIVATE\|MAP\_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb77a0000 > > access(“/etc/ld.so.preload”, R\_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) > > open(“/etc/ld.so.cache”, O\_RDONLY\|O\_CLOEXEC) = 3 > > fstat64(3, {st\_mode=S\_IFREG\|0644, st\_size=81742, …}) = 0 > > mmap2(NULL, 81742, PROT\_READ, MAP\_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xb778c000 > > close(3) = 0 > > access(“/etc/ld.so.nohwcap”, F\_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) > > open(“/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6”, O\_RDONLY\|O\_CLOEXEC) = 3 > > read(3, “\\177ELF\\1\\1\\1\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0\\3\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\340\\233\\1\\0004\\0\\0\\0″…, 512) = 512 > > fstat64(3, {st\_mode=S\_IFREG\|0755, st\_size=1754876, …}) = 0 > > mmap2(NULL, 1763964, PROT\_READ\|PROT\_EXEC, MAP\_PRIVATE\|MAP\_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xb75dd000 > > mmap2(0xb7786000, 12288, PROT\_READ\|PROT\_WRITE, MAP\_PRIVATE\|MAP\_FIXED\|MAP\_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1a8000) = 0xb7786000 > > mmap2(0xb7789000, 10876, PROT\_READ\|PROT\_WRITE, MAP\_PRIVATE\|MAP\_FIXED\|MAP\_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7789000 > > close(3) = 0 > > mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT\_READ\|PROT\_WRITE, MAP\_PRIVATE\|MAP\_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb75dc000 > > set\_thread\_area({entry\_number:-1 -> 6, base\_addr:0xb75dc940, limit:1048575, seg\_32bit:1, contents:0, read\_exec\_only:0, limit\_in\_pages:1, seg\_not\_present:0, useable:1}) = 0 > > mprotect(0xb7786000, 8192, PROT\_READ) = 0 > > mprotect(0x8055000, 4096, PROT\_READ) = 0 > > mprotect(0xb77c3000, 4096, PROT\_READ) = 0 > > munmap(0xb778c000, 81742) = 0 > > brk(0) = 0x871c000 > > brk(0x873d000) = 0x873d000 > > open(“/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive”, O\_RDONLY\|O\_LARGEFILE\|O\_CLOEXEC) = 3 > > fstat64(3, {st\_mode=S\_IFREG\|0644, st\_size=8752496, …}) = 0 > > mmap2(NULL, 2097152, PROT\_READ, MAP\_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xb73dc000 > > mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT\_READ, MAP\_PRIVATE, 3, 0x855000) = 0xb779f000 > > close(3) = 0 > > **open(“/tmp/file”, O\_WRONLY\|O\_CREAT\|O\_NOCTTY\|O\_NONBLOCK\|O\_LARGEFILE, 0666) = -1 EACCES (Permission denied)** > > utimensat(AT\_FDCWD, “/tmp/file”, NULL, 0) = 0 > > close(1) = 0 > > close(2) = 0 > > exit\_group(0) = ? > > \+\+\+ exited with 0 +++ In this case we can see that the system calls to create the file or update the time stamp faces permission issues > **open(“/tmp/file”, O\_WRONLY\|O\_NONBLOCK\|O\_CREAT\|O\_NOCTTY\|O\_LARGEFILE, 0666) = -1 EACCES (Permission denied)** Lets us cross check the permission of /tmp/file ``` $ls -l /tmp/file ---------- 1 geo geo 0 Aug 6 13:22 /tmp/file ``` So it is evident that the file permissions were the culprit here. So  I went ahead and changed the permissions ``` $ chmod 644 /tmp/file ``` Now check the relevant parts of the  strace results again > mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT\_READ, MAP\_PRIVATE, 3, 0x855000) = 0xb7718000 > > close(3) = 0 > > **open(“/tmp/file”, O\_WRONLY\|O\_CREAT\|O\_NOCTTY\|O\_NONBLOCK\|O\_LARGEFILE, 0666) = 3** > > dup2(3, 0) = 0 > > close(3) = 0 > > utimensat(0, NULL, NULL, 0) = 0 > > close(0) = 0 > > close(1) = 0 > > close(2) = 0 > > exit\_group(0) = ? > > \+\+\+ exited with 0 +++ Now you can see that the permission issue is resolved. The above example is probably one of the most easiest one. Strace is quite powerful and is one of the most useful tool used for trouble shooting php script execution issues.  **Even if you can not understand strace command output yourself — send it to the developers, it’ll be really helpful 🙂** [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/stracing-a-problem#) ## Qualities of a SysAdmin ## SysAdmin Series - What makes you a good system administrator? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fanitta_j_ca0659fbb1.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Anitta Jose - 9 min read ![SysAdmin Series – What makes you a good system administrator?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsysadmin_series_what_makes_you_a_good_system_administrator_8f51fc7b0c.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... SupportSages being a server management company, have witnessed the evolution of quite a few system administrators. In my personal opinion, out of all the qualities I have listed below, I personally believe, it is the ‘Never Say Die’ attitude and passion for continuous learning and exploring the system internals which makes one a great system administrator over the years. While the definition of the system administrator is broad, for this discussion here, we are considering the system administrator responsible for solving the server management and not of desktops/workstations. Still, let’s discuss what a sysadmin do in a regular office. They are responsible for the internet (provided at least one of the many ISPs in the office premise is working), email services (provided the mail server provider has no issues), booting issues with Desktops, making sure that office network and systems are guarded against and malware and virus attacks, etc and much more. If your system administrator doesn’t know how to assemble a system, even with 1-year experience, its time you consider changing him. Here for our discussion, we are considering those system admins who have grown beyond the desktop and office network level. We have an official T-Shirt which says, A sysadmin is a magician to the management and a hero to the developers. I personally believe it’s not magic, but purely talent, sweat and tireless hours of reading. System Architecture, Networking, Security, Scripting, Monitoring of DDoS attacks, Database administration, DevOps automation, Hands-on hardware replacements and expertise in a variety of operating systems is what is expected from a sysadmin who has around 3 years of experience before he starts to specialize in one of the above areas. As we move forward in this internet era, a good system administrator would be in demand as 10 minutes of downtime would cost millions to the corporates. My discussions below is a small thought on whether you are the right fit for becoming a system administrator or not. I may be wrong and is open. #### I love to be in control When I say this, everyone would nod in positive that they want to be in control. But when you take control, your responsibility increases. You are responsible for the systems you manage as the need to be up and running all the time at all costs. In fact, you run the world. Nothing will/should go unseen from your eyes, provided you know when and where to look. Being said this, you must be ethical. You maintain systems that have sensitive data. Companies depend on the sysadmin to be discrete and ethical about allowing people to access sensitive data. Be good, do good. #### Continuous learning and get paid to do it! Being a sysadmin is much more a vocation or a trade. Most people are self-taught, or they take on apprenticeship and work their way up. Good system administrators never stop learning and combine multiple skillsets to perform many different and unending tasks. And that’s why I listed it as one of the most important qualities a sysadmin must have. System administrators sink or swim by their knowledge of the latest advancements or changes in technology. You will need to stay current in the field, otherwise, you will become outdated. There are many new and interesting issues to solve, each day. In short, learning on the job is your job. You must have an urge to know how and why things work (or not work). Constantly educating yourself is a key. #### Do I need a degree or certification? Do you really think you need one? It’s the era of information overload. Whatever you want to learn, is already there and in many forms. Some in the text, few in image and others in video formats. All you have to do is search for it. You may need a mentor, not to teach you, but to ask you right questions and guide you to walk the path. That’s how ancient sages/monks (Indian and Chinese) gave training in old ages. Certifications are helpful, but with dumps available nowadays, many hiring managers won’t give much emphasis on it. All they look for is your passion. YOU NEED TO BE INTERESTED IN WHAT YOU ARE DOING, if you are in, just for money, you will fall. No one can teach you to be a sysadmin for $$, so save the $$. #### Which OS should I learn - Windows or Linux or something else? It’s not the OS, but the concepts which you should start mastering. Once you master the concepts, its all about implementing or troubleshooting the issues using the tools available for the respective OSes. To practice, I recommend Linux and slowly upgrade yourself in Solaris or BSD Unixes. Many concepts in Solaris is being ported to Linux and sooner or later, it will match that of Solaris and other Unixes. Regardless of operating system, a system admin would hardly take a week or two to get it going with a new OS. That’s why I said continuous learning. Learn as many operating systems as you can and you will be in great demand. #### Should I be serious? Not completely sure of this. But I have often seen a system administrator ends up spending more time in front of the system and less time with people. It’s not the way always. I have seen one with good communication skills too. It’s only that their lesser interaction with people makes you think that they are of a serious type. However, you should have strong communication skills, so that you can present your ideas to the management, in a more convincing manner. And of course, do you realize that all the users of the systems you manage are your clients. #### You will have a job always! Unemployment will be a thing of the past. Especially in this, IT-enabled world, there is an ever-increasing demand of people who are able to handle servers and come up with stable, reliable ways of managing a network of servers. #### And finally, enjoy the job It’s not always that you find a career and a workplace where you enjoy coming back to each workʼ day. I mention work day because the sysadmin job is not always a 9-5 job. If you do everything right, you will hardly be called at odd hours of the day (read night), but the job demands it. There could be situations when the RTO and RPO factors are considered, you didn’t get approval for high availability and are required to travel back to the office for a hardware replacement. You may need to restore the backup and is not automated. Can you be available for that? #### Where do I start? Assemble a desktop as the first step. Install dual bootable operating systems - preferably Windows and Linux. Understand how a dual boot work and also what is a boot loader. Understand how does the hardware know about the boot loader. Understand what happens after the boot loader does its job. Those questions mentioned above is just a start. You should learn to ask questions and find answers to them all by yourself. #### Automate, when you have to repeat If you are responsible for a relatively bigger infrastructure, sysadmin jobs can be difficult if you don t automate! Imagine if you are given 200 machines and to install OSes on each of them? You must find a readymade solution for doing a similar task or in case there isn’t one, develop one!. And that’s why you must learn scripting. #### Systematic and documentation A good system admin is often disciplined and documents every configurational change he does, so that even after years if he goes back to the same, he will be able to remember the changes made. Documentation is important, as systems change so often and the sysadmins too. Your next counterpart should be able to follow the documentation instead of phoning you for each and every question he may have. #### Finally, never say die! Obsessiveness to solve the issue you are working on is the one and most important quality in my humble opinion. If you are a person, who forget lunch breaks; who can’t sleep well unless the problem is solved; who can read from basics thoroughly, or skip through the subject in no time, you are a right fit to be a sysadmin. You will have to keep asking questions on an issue. A few whys, when, what and hows till you get a satisfactory answer to the issue and can ensure that the issue will never happen again. Patience is a must for a system administrator. An issue may not get solved in a few steps that you think it would solve. And if you lose patience, you won’t make a good admin over the years. Losing patience means you ask your seniors to help you out for an issue you think you are stuck at. Losing patience means you worry about the work hours than on the task in hand. You can start as a desktop support technician, but you shouldn’t die like one! Let our SysAdmins take care of your servers 24/7/365. [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [iframe](https://disqus.com/embed/comments/?base=default&f=supportsages-1&t_u=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fblog%2Fsystem-administrator&t_e=SysAdmin%20Series%20%26%238211%3B%20What%20makes%20you%20a%20good%20system%20administrator%3F&t_d=SysAdmin%20Series%20%E2%80%93%20What%20makes%20you%20a%20good%20system%20administrator%3F&t_t=SysAdmin%20Series%20%26%238211%3B%20What%20makes%20you%20a%20good%20system%20administrator%3F&s_o=default#version=89d0561b868ad63ec2711e992e8dc338) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fanitta_j_ca0659fbb1.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Anitta Jose Anitta is systems engineer since 2015 and holds broad experience in Linux, WordPress, and cPanel systems administration. Her interest lies more in Cloud technologies (AWS). From 2016, she writes blogs to share her experiences with wider audience. [**“SED” Options and its usage**![“SED” Options and its usage](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsed_options_and_its_usage_f8237f80c9.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sed-options-and-its-usage) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sed-options-and-its-usage) [**An Introduction to AWK**![An Introduction to AWK](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fan_introduction_to_awk_920138a7c4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/an-introduction-to-awk) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/an-introduction-to-awk) [**Configure Disk Quota on Ubuntu Server**![Configure Disk Quota on Ubuntu Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubundu_disk_quota_activation_4a9adbb6be.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-disk-quota-ubuntu-server) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-disk-quota-ubuntu-server) [**How to check whether UDP connection is open or not?**![How to check whether UDP connection is open or not?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_check_whether_udp_connection_is_open_or_not_52a520477c.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/system-administrator#) ## MySQL InnoDB Recovery ## MySQL (InnoDB) server recovery ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 7 min read ![MySQL (InnoDB) server recovery](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Finnodb_recovery_2e95b74b98.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... InnoDB server rarely crashes. In majority of the cases, the corruption in the db can be fixed by repairing the table alone. Here we are discussing a severe table space corruption in ibdata1, ib\_logfile0,ib\_logfile1  files and the server fails to start even after multiple attempts. I shall try to explain the issue in view of recent issue we have had and the InnoDB recovery process The server was failing to get restarted and the log file showed the following error > 14051412:46:05InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 8.0M > > 14051412:46:05InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool > > InnoDB: Error: tried to read 1048576bytes at offset 02097152. > > InnoDB: Was only able to read 839680. > > InnoDB: Fatal error: cannot read from file. OS error number 17. > > 14051412:46:39InnoDB: Assertion failure in thread 139747413022464in file os/os0file.c line 2314 > > InnoDB: We intentionally generate a memory trap. > > InnoDB: Submit a detailed bug report to http://bugs.mysql.com. > > InnoDB: If you get repeated assertion failures or crashes, even > > InnoDB: immediately after the mysqld startup, there may be > > InnoDB: corruption in the InnoDB tablespace. Please refer to > > InnoDB: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html > > InnoDB: about forcing recovery. > > 09:46:39UTC - mysqld got signal 6; > > This could be because you hit a bug. It is also possible that thisbinary > > or one of the libraries it was linked against is corrupt, improperly built, > > or misconfigured. This error can also be caused by malfunctioning hardware. > > We will tryour best to scrape up some info that will hopefully help > > diagnose the problem, but since we have already crashed, > > something is definitely wrong and this may fail. Now we are sure that some issues exists with the table space and InnoDB recovery needs to be done. Here are the steps for InnoDB recovery:- **Step 1: Start the server in Recovery Mode** The MySQL server instance need to stopped first and restart in recovery mode. The recovery mode can be enabled by adding the line  **innodb\_force\_recovery** in **/etc/my.cnf**. The recovery mode makes the dbs read only. Hence users can’t update, insert or alter the data, but can read the data. So the site would load instead of a MySQL error. Add **innodb\_force\_recovery=1** to your **my.cnf** and check if the server kicks up. If not, you may further increase this number from **1** to **6**, check MySQL [manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html) to see what the differences are. If the server fails, check the mysql log, there is possibility for a thread race-condition issue. In that case the error log will have entries like the following one > InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start In such case, we need to specify the **innodb\_purge\_threads=0** in your **/etc/my.cnf** file . Levels 1-4 are pretty safe as most data is preserved. Setting the level to 5 or 6 gets a bit more risky as you could lose some data. In my case levels 1-5 did no good and MySQL refused to run.  On force recovery level 6 the MySQL did work and all databases were up and running. My /etc/my.cnf file had the following entries ``` innodb_purge_threads=0 innodb_force_recovery=6 ``` **Step 2: Create the DB dumps** This is the crucial step in the InnoDB recovery process. You need to list the dbs first, for that use the command from the shell ``` echo 'show databases;' | mysql | grep -v ^Database | grep -v information_schema ``` ` ` `` For easy administration, we are redirecting the output to a file. In this I used the file named **“/home/mysql\_recovery/db\_list”** Now the command would look like this ``` echo 'show databases;' | mysql | grep -v ^Database | grep -v information_schema &gt;&gt; /home/mysql_recovery/db_list ``` The next step is to create the data base dumps ``` for i in `cat /home/mysql_recovery/db_list`; do mysqldump $i > /home/mysql_recovery/$i.sql; echo "$i" >> /home/mysql_recovery/Completed_dump.txt; done ``` This script will generate dumps of the dbs as  /home/mysql\_recovery/dbname.sql, the list of completed dbs are available in /home/mysql\_recovery/Completed\_dump.txt . You can use these files for comparison. **Step 2: Remove the corrupted DBs and ibdata files** If you are unable to identify the corrupted db or the corruption occurred at the ibdate file, the dbs need to be deleted as well. The db **“mysql“** is **critical and hence should be preserved**. So you shouldn’t venture to delete it. **Make sure to remove mysql from db\_list file to avoid accidental deletion** Some admins believe that deletion of data directory for the db alone is sufficient. In my experience it can create tracking or follow up issues.  So I prefer to use the mysql command line to achieve this ``` for i in `cat /home/mysql_recovery/db_list`; do mysqladmin drop $i; done ``` Some dbs fails, especially if the file system is corrupted. In such cases delete the corresponding folder and drop the db again ``` cd /var/lib/mysql/ rm -rf dbname mysqladmin drop dbname; ``` Once the dbs are cleared. Stop the server ``` /etc/init.d/mysql stop ``` Once the server is stopped, remove the **ibdata** files to another location ``` cd /var/lib/mysql mv ib* /home/mysql_recovery/ ``` **Step3: Start the server** Remove or comment out  the  **innodb\_force\_recovery** in **/etc/my.cnf** and start the server **.** ``` /etc/init.d/mysql start ``` Check the server log and ensure that everything is working fine. **Step 4: Recreation and restore of DBs** Once the server is up, we need to recreate the dbs and restore them from the backups taken ``` cd /home/mysql_recovery for i in `cat db_list`; do mysqladmin create $i; mysql $i < $i.sql; echo "$i" >>restored.txt ; done ``` Once the restore is complete, check the server logs and ensure that InnoDB recovery is successfull **` `** ` ` - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) ## Understanding Docker Basics ## Deep dive into Docker ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgalvin_sam_fa1e457e9a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Galvin Sam - 5 min read ![Deep dive into Docker](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_3_2_90815e682f.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... ### **Introduction to** Docker Docker is an open-source application that is used to create, deploy and manage containers. Docker is the leader in the containerization market, combining an enterprise-grade container platform with world-class services to give developers and operations team alike the freedom to build, manage and secure applications without the fear of technology or infrastructure lock-in. Docker is designed in such a way that it benefits both Developers and Operations team, making it a part of DevOps. Docker unlocks the potential of every organization with a container platform that brings traditional applications and microservices built on Window, Linux and mainframe into an automated and secure supply chain, advancing dev to ops collaboration. Before getting into Docker one should be familiar with the Container technologies and how a Container is different from a Virtual Machine. Numerous businesses have already moved their server application to Docker Container. Other than Docker there are many other applications that are used for deploying and managing containerized applications. Some of the popular ones are Kubernetes, skopeo, Builah, Podman. **![](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Q2zzqZCR8B37FBT68Wmk1OvfzkBLIXaSox6FDBvrdynEuF-YsMUMOUMKSX9eNSTyvJzqjy42cYtRwb_WUs18nSMafA4g0yPL5eEgDKH8cZ5ArQLqcP1jPobl9GYUbjZNWo8UsNM9)** ### About Docker Docker is both a company and a product. Docker, Inc is the company behind the development of Docker application. The company was founded as dotCloud, Inc. in 2010 by Solomon Hykes and docker was an internal project within dotCloud with initial contributions by other dotCloud engineers. Docker represents an evolution of dotCloud’s proprietary technology, which is itself built on earlier open-source projects such as Cloudlets. Docker was released as open-source in March 2013. On March 13, 2014, with the release of version 0.9, Docker dropped LXC as the default execution environment and replaced it with its own libcontainer library written in the Go programming language. ### Architecture of Docker Docker uses client-server architecture were docker talks to the docker daemon on the host. Docker daemon does all the operations and returns the output to the docker client. The Docker client and daemon can run on the same system, or you can connect a Docker client to a remote Docker daemon. The Docker client and daemon communicate using a REST API, over UNIX sockets or a network interface. **![](https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/UadSRq73WM6OVUuQEOdeIY1VIUlt7r86VdVj4NVz_QWsFYwTX_Icj-TYU8NE9sv1wpjnCoCh9QtpMgGvr1HbywjKBhJZ7TLTnVhAfalnb0uefmG4l7OgpMDekc9dckuOJSYrBvBP)** **Docker Client** is the primary way using which a docker user interacts with the Docker host. Docker uses REST API for the communication between the Docker client and the Docker Host. For example, if you use any docker command, it is directly sent to the Docker daemon for execution. The Docker client can communicate with more than one daemon **.** **Docker Host** contains the docker daemon dockerd, which listens to the incoming API requests from the docker client and manages the docker objects like images and container. **![](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/pM1IxJZ1GtVBf0B2UlQxT53aQxwXM7Z4NtqZkU8QtA-fD_2zBZ7IUG_-gtNm5TOUrFOjGj0cN-3YKPaBCHVZbX4emMOEYQF6tu2GM6_GDpHvA6Zsqlw_9UwS2wuBHZjVg3NCVwoy)** **Docker registries** are similar to a repository. Docker registries store the docker images. Docker hub is the public registry available for docker. It is also possible to create our own docker registry known as the Docker Trusted Registiry (DTR). **![](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Gwrw0OCtZN2DqYYafG3LABNGNAO8GqZuJ89KLxusxSbxw7VLBLJYiRVt-M7grwd-4oYPPuctnYe8MME7Tjo0G634xRPVfRsXyOHog0s0vyRva8uEZu3HHcZJqSe9MjNC813O1bzm)** **Docker image** is a read-only template which contains the instruction on how to create a container. You can also create custom docker images based on your requirements. **Docker container** is the runnable instance of a docker image. You can start, stop, run, delete containers using Docker API or CLI. You can also attach a container to one or more networks, volumes based on your requirements. **Docker service** is a group of containers of the same _image:tag_ _._ Services make it simple to scale your application. ### The underlying technology in Docker Docker is written in Go programming language and it uses much of the linux kernel functionalities such as Namespaces and Control groups. #### Namespaces Docker uses a technology called namespaces to provide the isolated workspace called the container. When you run a container, Docker creates a set of namespaces for that container. These namespaces provide a layer of isolation. Each aspect of a container runs in a separate namespace and its access is limited to that namespace. Docker Engine uses namespaces such as the following on Linux: The **pid** namespace: Process isolation (PID: Process ID). The **net** namespace: Managing network interfaces (NET: Networking). The **ipc** namespace: Managing access to IPC resources (IPC: InterProcess Communication). The **mnt** namespace: Managing filesystem mount points (MNT: Mount). The uts namespace: Isolating kernel and version identifiers. (UTS: Unix Timesharing System). #### Control groups Docker Engine on Linux also relies on another technology called control groups (cgroups). A cgroup limits an application to a specific set of resources. Control groups allow Docker Engine to share available hardware resources to containers and optionally enforce limits and constraints. For example, you can limit the memory available to a specific container. #### Union file systems Union file systems, or UnionFS, are file systems that operate by creating layers, making them very lightweight and fast. Docker Engine uses UnionFS to provide the building blocks for containers. Docker Engine can use multiple UnionFS variants, including AUFS, btrfs, vfs, and DeviceMapper. [![3rd party software installations](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/3rd-Party-Software-Installations.jpg)](https://www.supportsages.com/thirdparty-software-installation/) - [Docker](https://www.supportsages.com/category/docker) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgalvin_sam_fa1e457e9a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Galvin Sam Galvin Sam [**How is a Linux Container different from a Virtual Machine?**![How is a Linux Container different from a Virtual Machine?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F3_2_2_ac007a2a7f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container) [**Magento 2 - Troubleshooting Litemage Crawler**![Magento 2 - Troubleshooting Litemage Crawler](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmagento_2_2_18814306ce.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler) - [magento](https://www.supportsages.com/category/magento) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker#) ## Outsourcing Backup Management ## Why should you think of outsourcing backup management? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fruben_roy_f960be5e46.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Ruben Roy - 4 min read ![Why should you think of outsourcing backup management?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwhy_should_you_think_of_outsourcing_backup_management_acfc499f33.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Data Management has an important role in a company’s operational infrastructure. It will be really challenging for the organization to manage these vast amounts of data. An organization should make sure that the data is secure and redundant. Data should have proper backup and if any disaster occurs, data should be recovered using effective data recovery mechanisms. We can say that Backup and Recovery mechanisms have a key role in operational infrastructure. Outsourcing the backup have greater relevance when we consider the facts, price, and security. Now, let’s discuss the benefits of outsourcing the backup. Outsourcing backup means that the organization is hiring a third party to perform services and also to store the data. In other words, data storage and management are outsourced from the organization to an external party. #### **Advantages of Outsourcing Backup** The organization gives a greater importance for backup and disaster management because the data should be always secure. Outsourcing the backup have several advantages. - An experienced disaster recovery and backup service will avoid the organization from disruption of data. - Disaster response will be well coordinated. - Identify the tools and mechanisms suitable for the business. - Disaster recovery will be easier and faster. - Highly experienced and specialized employees assist in backup management. - Immediate data recovery since data back up is taken at regular intervals. - The vendor can increase or decrease the size of data as the requirement arises. - Reduces the cost. No employees are required within the organization in order to manage the data. #### **Points to be Considered Before Backup Outsourcing** Choose an authorized vendor and the right medium to store the data. The vendor should have specialized employees to perform backups. The medium we choose should be scalable and the vendor should be able to increase or decrease the size of the database as per our requirements. The prime factor we should consider when we outsource backup is the security. We must be very careful while we outsource our backup management to vendors in other countries. Because the legal laws of data security vary from country to country. We should also ensure that the vendor has enough capability regarding employees, tools, and resources so that they will meet our needs within the deadline. And for last but most important ‘Know about the Firm’. We have to check the details about the vendor and ensure that the service level agreement is clear and compatible with our requirements. #### **Types of backup outsourcing** 1\. Insourcing Insourcing is a type of outsourcing backup mechanism in which we will search for a vendor and invite to manage our backups using remote and onsite resources. Insourcing is mainly used by medium to a large sized organization. 2\. Online Backup In the online backup, we will transfer our data through the network for an onsite service provider to manage our data. Mainly used by small companies or companies having limited resources. 3\. Hosted backup services Move our primary data to an external vendor who offers a backup service. This is used by the companies which need large storage of data. Backup outsourcing increases performance, scalability, and redundancy. [Click here to get Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/backup-management-services/) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fruben_roy_f960be5e46.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Ruben Roy Ruben Roy [**Applying Kernel Patch Without Rebooting**![Applying Kernel Patch Without Rebooting](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fapplying_kernel_patch_without_rebooting_0a639e1c98.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/applying-kernel-patch-without-rebooting) - [Server Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server-monitoring) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/applying-kernel-patch-without-rebooting) [**Best practices to reduce customer complaints in shared hosting support**![Best practices to reduce customer complaints in shared hosting support](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbest_practices_to_reduce_customer_complaints_in_shared_hosting_support_8426e76d54.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-complaints-shared-hosting) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-complaints-shared-hosting) [**Monitor changes made to a file using auditd**![Monitor changes made to a file using auditd](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmonitor_changes_made_to_a_file_using_auditd_e474f9b2d9.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/monitor-changes-made-to-a-file-using-auditd) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) - [Server Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server-monitoring) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/monitor-changes-made-to-a-file-using-auditd) [**To check which all ports are listening (Introducing Four Linux Commands)**![To check which all ports are listening (Introducing Four Linux Commands)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fto_check_which_all_ports_are_listening_dcbed5a267.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2#) ## cPHulk IP Block Removal ## cPHulk: IP block removal ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmithun_s_899eb9c14a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Mithun S. - 3 min read ![cPHulk: IP block removal](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcphulk_ip_block_removal_2_f557a83595.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... cPHulk is a brute force protection system. cPHulk blocks the IP addresses that have more than one invalid login attempt within a fixed time interval. We are here trying to explain how the cPHulk whitelist IP can be done. cPHulk stores all of its information in a database called **cphulkd**. There are two tables of interest: **logins** and **brutes**. The **logins** table stores login authentication failures. The **brutes** table stores excessive authentication failures indicative of a brute force attack. There are three possible ways to remove the IP from cPHulk Brute Force Protection. **Using WHM** One way is to remove the IP block or whitelist IP through WHM. Login to the **WHM**, go to **Security Center » cPHulk Brute Force Protection** Here you can click the Flush DB option to flush the blocked IPs from the database as shown below [![CP_hulkd](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/09/CP_hulkd.jpeg)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/09/CP_hulkd.jpeg) **Using Database** The second way is by removing a particular IP blocked by cPHulk from its database manually. SSH to the server as root user Login to MySQL shell and change to cPhulkd database as shown below ``` mysql > use cphulkd; ``` Now you can delete that IP from the cPhulk table as shown below ``` mysql > DELETE from `brutes` where `IP`='xx.xx.xx.xx'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql > DELETE from `logins` where `IP`='xx.xx.xx.xx'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) ``` In the same way you can delete the IPs from the ‘logins’ table. You can completely **truncate**(clear off) the entries in the brutes table with the command ``` mysql > TRUNCATE TABLE brutes; mysql > TRUNCATE TABLE logins; ``` **Using cPanel Scripts** The cPHulk whitelist IP can be done using the following script ``` # /scripts/cphulkdwhitelist ; ``` > [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmithun_s_899eb9c14a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Mithun S. Mithun S. [**cPanel addon domain creation: ‘The domain already exists in the Apache configuration.’**![cPanel addon domain creation: ‘The domain already exists in the Apache configuration.’](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_addon_domain_creation_the_domain_already_exists_in_the_apache_configuration_2_ee5cd8de00.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-addon-domain-creation-the-domain-already-exists-in-the-apache-configuration) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-addon-domain-creation-the-domain-already-exists-in-the-apache-configuration) [**How to configure timezone in Ubuntu**![How to configure timezone in Ubuntu](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_timezone_configuration_2_be2e72bf33.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ubuntu-timezone-configuration) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ubuntu-timezone-configuration) [**Image upload through WordPress shows “Missing Temporary Folder”**![Image upload through WordPress shows “Missing Temporary Folder”](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmissing_temporary_folder_d2087d3b66.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cloudlinux-wp-missing-temporary-folder) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cloudlinux-wp-missing-temporary-folder) [**Linux:Skel directory**![Linux:Skel directory](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fskel_directory_99df332b47.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-what-is-when-a-new-user-is-created-in-linux-there-are-some-default-files-and-folders-which-is-copied-to-the-home-directory-of-new-user-this-is-accomplished-by-the-use-of-etcskel-all-f) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-what-is-when-a-new-user-is-created-in-linux-there-are-some-default-files-and-folders-which-is-copied-to-the-home-directory-of-new-user-this-is-accomplished-by-the-use-of-etcskel-all-f) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cphulk-ip-block-removal#) ## Magento Product Re-indexing ## How to Re-index Magento Products ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvipin_f4df4a26d5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Vipin R.N - 4 min read ![How to Re-index Magento Products](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmagento_reindex_3d5c21157c.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... **Overview** Indexing is how Magento transforms data such as products, categories, and so on, to improve the performance of your web store. As data changes, the transformed data must be updated or re-indexed.Let us see more about magento reindex Magento has a very sophisticated architecture that stores lots of merchant data (including catalog data, prices, users, stores, and so on) in many database tables. To optimize web store performance, Magento accumulates data into special tables using indexers. _For example, suppose you change the price of an item from $4.99 to $3.99. Magento must reindex the price change to display it on your web store._ Without indexing, Magento would have to calculate the price of every product on the fly - taking into account shopping cart price rules, bundle pricing, discounts, tier pricing, and so on. Loading the price for a product would take a long time, possibly resulting in cart abandonment. Magento Reindex can be done from Magento Admin panel as well as from the Shell, the latter one being the most successful all time. Some times clients may request us to re-index their products. So lets see how to do this. Head to shell directory in the Magento installation directory : ``` root@server [/home/store/public_html]# cd shell ``` To know the Magento reindex status, execute : > root@server \[/home/store/public\_html/shell\]# php indexer.php -status > > Product Attributes: Require Reindex > > Product Prices: Require Reindex > > Catalog URL Rewrites: Require Reindex > > Product Flat Data: Require Reindex > > Category Flat Data: Pending > > Category Products: Require Reindex > > Catalog Search Index: Require Reindex > > Stock Status: Require Reindex > > Tag Aggregation Data: Require Reindex **Complete Re-indexing** To re-index the complete attributes, execute : ``` root@server# php indexer.php --reindexall ``` A successful re-indexing should display : > root@server \[/home/store/public\_html/shell\]# php indexer.php -reindexall > > Product Attributes index was rebuilt successfully > > Product Prices index was rebuilt successfully > > Catalog URL Rewrites index was rebuilt successfully > > Product Flat Data index was rebuilt successfully > > Category Flat Data index was rebuilt successfully > > Category Products index was rebuilt successfully > > Catalog Search Index index was rebuilt successfully > > Stock Status index was rebuilt successfully > > Tag Aggregation Data index was rebuilt successfully **Partial Re-indexing** It is possible to re-index some attributes. For instance to re-index Catalog Url Rewrites, execute : ``` root@server # php indexer.php --reindex catalog_url ``` The General syntax is : ``` # php indexer.php --reindex [Index Option Code] ``` Here is a table of Index Option codes for better understanding : | | | | --- | --- | | Index Option Code | Index Option Name | | catalog\_product\_attribute | Product Attributes | | catalog\_product\_price | Product Prices | | catalog\_url | Catalog Url Rewrites | | catalog\_product\_flat | Product Flat Data | | catalog\_category\_flat | Category Flat Data | | catalog\_category\_product | Category Products | | catalogsearch\_fulltext | Catalog Search Index | | cataloginventory\_stock | Stock status | - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [magento](https://www.supportsages.com/category/magento) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [iframe](https://disqus.com/embed/comments/?base=default&f=supportsages-1&t_u=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fblog%2Fmagento-re-index-products&t_e=How%20to%20Re-index%20Magento%20Products&t_d=How%20to%20Re-index%20Magento%20Products&t_t=How%20to%20Re-index%20Magento%20Products&s_o=default#version=89d0561b868ad63ec2711e992e8dc338) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvipin_f4df4a26d5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Vipin R.N Vipin is a no-nonsense, disciplined guy who ensures that everything is carried out with the highest level of perfection. Apart from his great coding skills, he is quite interested in advanced server administration, issue analysis, documentation and training. In-depth knowledge in international politics, ammunition and automobiles makes this hard core Manchester United fan, one of the most referenced personalities in the entire team. 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento-re-index-products#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento-re-index-products#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento-re-index-products#) ## Outsourcing Server Management ## 6 ways how Outsourcing Server Management will improve Customer Retention ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ftravis_ville_ae6a91eadc.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Travis Ville - 5 min read ![6 ways how Outsourcing Server Management will improve Customer Retention](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F6_ways_how_outsourcing_server_management_will_improve_customer_retention_2_fffdb7dd0b.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Servers are the core unit of an online business. Outsourcing server management will bring plenty of advantages. Server Management is a complex task and it is important to manage them properly in order to retain the customers. Outsourcing will help you to focus on what you do the best, running the business, and the server management team will take care of the latest trends in technology. The key point is how to make customers happy and keep up with the business flow. Let’s discuss how outsourcing server management will improve customer retention. #### 1\. 24/7 Uptime You can’t focus on the business and server uptime at the same time. If the servers can’t give reliable uptime for online business services, customers will leave for better service providers. A full team is there at server management company to ensure that your server is keeping uptime and they will maintain your server 24/7. As they are specialists in this field, they can easily solve the issues and help you to get the most out of your servers. #### 2\. Gain Competitive Gain Server management companies will provide you with quality services, which in turn help you to gain a competitive advantage in the market. They are up to date with new technologies and security features. Larger companies will have there own team to handle these kinds of issues. Hiring a server management team will help you to compete with them. They not only help you to gain the advantage but also watch out for anything bad to happen. They will keep your servers in better shape. #### 3\. No worries about Security Nothing is 100% secure!!! Everything can be hacked!!! You Don’t have to worry. Server management team will keep you safe and won’t let you down. You should be able to trust a good server management team so that your customers can trust you. Customers will be happy with your security features and they will retain with your business. Management companies secure your servers by updating with latest software and taking care of spamming issues. They will periodically check and update the server security settings. Backing up the servers at regular intervals of time is so important that it will prevent the data loss. #### 4\. Server Stability Server stability is the measurement of overall server performance, accessibility, and usability. If the server is not stable, it’s sure that you can’t retain the customers. Various parameters such as the speed, load, service uptime, server software, etc determine the server stability. A small glitch in software or error in configuration can affect the stability. You don’t have to worry about any of these while your server is maintained by a team 24/7. They make the server stable by periodically auditing and re-optimizing the server services. #### 5\. Let You Do what you do best Your main focus will be on growing your business, gaining more clients and retaining them. Server management will consume more time and you can’t focus on what you do the best. Finding the right management team will help you to get back to working on your business. #### 6\. Cost As the business grows, you will have to expand your server services as well. You will be needing a team to do that for you. A good management team will charge a fair price for their services and you don’t have to worry about maintaining a large staff. Customer retention is highly significant in growing your business. To stay ahead in the industry and to keep your industry growing by keeping and gaining customers, it is important to outsource the server management to an efficient support team. [**_Supportsages is one of the best Server Management Company and we provide 24/7 topnotch technical support._**](https://www.supportsages.com/) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ftravis_ville_ae6a91eadc.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Travis Ville Travis Ville [**Configuring Firewall with UFW**![Configuring Firewall with UFW](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F01_4_689e284b85.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw) - [Firewalls](https://www.supportsages.com/category/firewalls) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw) [**How To Configure Django With Apache In CentOS 7**![How To Configure Django With Apache In CentOS 7](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_configure_django_with_apache_in_centos_7_53b4e5abbf.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-django-with-apache-in-centos7) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-django-with-apache-in-centos7) [**Understanding the netstat command**![Understanding the netstat command](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fss_10_a1b59ea64a.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/understanding-the-netstat-command) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/understanding-the-netstat-command) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management#) ## OpenStack Cloud Basics ## OpenStack Cloud Computing Fundamentals ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fscott_s_46ccec042e.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Scott S - 12 min read ![OpenStack Cloud Computing Fundamentals](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fopenstack_3_82f1f2fd8b.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... **Cloud computing** is the method of using a network of remote servers to store, process and manage data rather than using a local server to process data. ie; storing and accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of your local computer’s hard drive. Through out this article I am trying to explain scope and implementation of Cloud computing using the most common cloud platform ie OpenStack Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is often referred to as simply “the cloud”. It is the delivery of on-demand computing resources, from applications to data centers over the internet on a pay-for-use basis. There are mainly three fundamental cloud computing services/models: #### **SAAS (Software As A Service)** As the name suggests, SaaS provides a software or application as a service for the cloud user. It delivers applications provided by a third party vendor and whose interface can be accessed on the client side. ie; it basically provides a software or an application as an on-demand service. Almost all the SaaS applications can be run from a web browser without any downloads or installations. However some of them may require additional browser plugins. #### **PAAS (Platform As A Service)** Cloud platform services are used for applications and other software developments, while it provides cloud components for the application/software. It provides a framework or a platform using which one can develop or customize applications.This usually makes development, deployment and testing of an application fast, easy and cost effective. In general, PaaS provides a platform as an on-demand service, using which a user can test, run or deploy applications. #### **IAAS (Infrastructure As A Service)** Infrastructure as a service provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. The compute resource includes virtual machines, networking, storage etc. Instead of buying a hardware, the cloud user can use the required hardwares provided as a service in the cloud computing model. The user can purchase IaaS on a consumption basis. ie; he needs to pay only for the hardware or networking or storage he uses. In general, IaaS provides infrastructure/hardwares as a service to the cloud user on a pay-per-use basis. ## Openstack Cloud Computing Openstack is an open source cloud computing platform. It supports all types of cloud environments. It aims at simple implementation, massive scalability and other rich set of features. Cloud architecture experts from all round the world has contributed to the project since it is open source licensed. Openstack provides **Infrastructure As A Service(IAAS)** service model using many of its supporting services. Each of these supporting/complementary services provides an application program interface(API) that facilitates this integration.Since it provides IaaS as service, the main design is aimed at implementing architecture that meets the infrastructure/hardware requirements of a cloud user. There are five main services for Openstack ### **1\. NOVA- Compute Service** Nova is the Computing Fabric controller for the OpenStack Cloud, which is the main part of IaaS. It is used to host and manage the cloud computing systems. Compute service interacts with the Identity Service for authentication, Image Service for images, and the Dashboard for the user and/or administrative interface. All the activities that are needed to support/handle the life cycle of all the instances(VM’s) within the cloud is done by Nova. Nova uses libvirt API to interact with supported hypervisors. Nova displays its capabilities through a web services API that is compatible with the EC2 API of Amazon Web Services The compute service of Openstack is made up of the following services/functional areas: **nova-api service:** This service accepts end user compute API calls and respond to them. It supports the OpenStack Compute API, the Amazon EC2 API, and a special Admin API for privileged users to perform administrative actions. It initiates activities, such as running an instance, and enforces some policies. **nova-compute Process** : It is a daemon that creates and terminates instances through hypervisor APIs such as  XenAPI for XenServer/XCP,  libvirt for KVM or QEMU, VMwareAPI for VMware etc. The process accepts actions from a queue and perform a series of system commands, like commands for launching a KVM instance, terminating an instance etc. **nova-scheduler process :** This process takes a virtual machine instance request from the queue and determines on which compute server host it should run. **nova-conductor module**: Mediates interactions between nova-compute and the database. **nova-network worker daemon :** The working of nova-network daemon is similar to nova-compute daemon `. I` t accepts networking tasks from the queue and performs tasks to manipulate the network, such as setting up bridging interfaces or changing iptables rules. This functionality is now being migrated to OpenStack Networking, which is a separate OpenStack service **.** **nova-dhcpbridge script :**It tracks IP address leases and records them in the database by using the dnsmasq  dhcp-script facility. This functionality is also being migrated to OpenStack Networking. OpenStack Networking provides an entirely  different script. **nova-consoleauth daemon** :Authorizes tokens for users that console proxies provide. This service must be running for console proxies to work. **nova-novncproxy daemon :** It provides a proxy for accessing running instances through a VNC connection. Supports browser-based novnc clients. **nova-xvpnvncproxy daemon:** It is a proxy for accessing running instances through a VNC connection. It also supports a Java client specifically designed for OpenStack. **nova-cert daemon:**This daemon Manages x509 certificates. **The queue**(Message Broker) : A central hub for passing messages between daemons or services. OpenStack services communicate among themselves using the AMQP(Advanced Message Queue Protocol) message queue. The message broker service runs on the controller node. Nova uses asynchronous calls for request response. Since asynchronous communication is used, none of the user actions get stuck for long in a waiting state. **SQL database** : Stores most build-time and runtime states for the entire cloud infrastructure. Includes instance types that are available for use, instances in use, available networks, and projects. Here we are using MySQL as the SQL database and it runs on the controller node. ### **2\. KEYSTONE - Identity Service** There are only two main functions for the keystone service. - Provides **authentication** and **authorization** service for other OpenStack services like dashboard, glance etc. - Provides a catalog of available services with their **API endpoints**. To understand keystone you need to have the following concepts clear. - **USER** - A user is a digital representation of a person, system or a service that is using OpenStack cloud services. Keystone validates that incoming requests are made by the user who claims to be making the call. - **CREDENTIALS** - The data that is known only to the user. The credentials can be a combination of username and password, username and API key, or an authentication token provided by the Identity Service. - **AUTHENTICATION** - This is the process which confirms the identity of the user. It confirms the identity of a user by validating the credentials the user provided. These credentials initially can be a username-password, username-api key combination. Once the users identity is confirmed, keystone provides a token to that particular user, so that the user can use this token in his subsequent requests. In this way each time the credentials need not be pushed, instead it uses the temporary token created for authentication by keystone. - **TOKEN** - It is an arbitrary array of text provided by keystone which the  service or user uses to authenticate with the services. The token can have certain parameters like, it can be used only by specific users on specific services etc. - **TENANT** - It can be said as a container that is used to group or isolate resources and/or identity objects. - **SERVICE** - An OpenStack service, such as Object Storage (Swift), Image Service (Glance) or Compute (Nova). It also provides one or more endpoints through which users can access resources an perform tasks. - **ENDPOINT** - An endpoint is a network reachable address location that the users use to connect to OpenStack services like nova, glance cinder etc. - **ROLE** - A role includes a set of rights and privileges. A user assuming that role inherits those rights and privileges. **WORKING** If a user want to launch an instance, he first sends the credentials to the Identity service(keystone). In return the keystone gives back a temporary token created along with a generic catalog. The user requests the list of available tenants along with the temporary token created to keystone and in return the keystone provides the user with a list of tenants and a service list available for that token. At this stage the keystone also provides the user with a tenant token newly created. Now the user determines the correct endpoint to launch the instance. The user sends the request along with the tenant token to the endpoint. Now the service verifies the tenant token and make sure the service is available for that token. Now the keystone send some additional information like the role of the tenant group, the authorizations etc. to the service. The service now executes the request of creating a new instance and reports the status back to the user. ### **3\. GLANCE - Image Service** The Openstack Image Service acts as a registry for virtual machine images. The registry is a private internal registry only to be used by the glance service. It accepts API requests for images or image metadata from end users or Compute components and can store its disk files in the Object Storage Service. Users can add new image, take the snapshot of the current state of a VM etc. It also features that, you can store the VM images as objects in the object storage service. Glance has the following service or daemons: ` ` **Glance-registry:** ` ` Stores, processes, and retrieves metadata about images. Metadata includes image size and type. **glance-api :** Accepts Image API calls for image discovery, retrieval, and storage. **Database** **:**The database is used to store VM image metadata. You can choose your database depending on your preference. Most Openstack deployments use MySQL or SQlite. **Storage repository :**  for image files.The Image Service supports a variety of repositories including normal file systems, Object Storage, RADOS block devices, HTTP, and Amazon S3 ### **4\. HORIZON - Dashboard Service** The OpenStack project name for dashboard service is Horizon. It provides a web interface for cloud administrators and users using which they can manage different cloud services and resources. The dashboard facilitates web-based interactions with the OpenStack Compute cloud controller through the OpenStack APIs. ### **5\. CINDER - Block Storage Service** Cinder enables management and administration of volumes, volume snapshots, and volume types. It provides block storage as a service to other OpenStack services. It has the following components: **cinder-api :** Accepts API requests and routes them to cinder-volume  for action. **cinder-volume :** ` ` Responds to requests to read from and write to the Block Storage database to maintain state. It is the process that actually creates the block volumes. **cinder-scheduler daemon :** The nova-scheduler ``, it selects the block storage provider node on which to create the volume. **Messaging queue :** Routes information between the Block Storage service processes. The Block Storage service interacts with Compute to provide volumes for instances. All these five underlying services interact with each other to provide us a cloud architecture that provides infrastructure as a service. Now lets see how to configure these OpenStack services to get a test/production environment in my next article :-). _**Further Reading**_ [OpenStack On Ubuntu - Part 1- Prerequisite Setup](https://www.supportsages.com/openstack-on-ubuntu-part-1-server-preparation/) [OpenStack on Ubuntu - Part 2 - Identity or Keystone Service](https://www.supportsages.com/openstack-identity-or-keystone-service/) [OpenStack on Ubuntu - Part 3 - Image or Glance Service](https://www.supportsages.com/openstack-on-ubuntu-part-3-image-or-glance-service/) [OpenStack on Ubuntu - Part 4 - Compute or Nova Service](https://www.supportsages.com/openstack-on-ubuntu-part-4-compute-or-nova-service/) [OpenStack on Ubuntu - Part 5 - Dashboard or Horizon Service](https://www.supportsages.com/openstack-on-ubuntu-part-5-dashboard-or-horizon-service/) [OpenStack on Ubuntu - Part 6 - Block Storage or Cinder Service](https://www.supportsages.com/openstack-on-ubuntu-part-6-block-storage-or-cinder-service/) [OpenStack integration With CEPH Block Device (RBD)](https://www.supportsages.com/openstack-integration-with-ceph-block-device/) [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fscott_s_46ccec042e.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Scott S Scott follows his heart and enjoys design and implementation of advanced, sophisticated enterprise solutions. His never ending passion towards technological advancements, unyielding affinity to perfection and excitement in exploration of new areas, helps him to be on the top of everything he is involved with. This amateur bike stunting expert probably loves cars and bikes much more than his family. He currently spearheads the Enterprise Solutions and Infrastructure Consultancy wing of SupportSages. [**All you want to know about Asterisk - Asterisk PBX - Part 3**![All you want to know about Asterisk - Asterisk PBX - Part 3](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fall_you_want_to_know_about_asterisk_asterisk_pbx_part_3_2_d9978baac2.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-asterisk-pbx-part-3) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-asterisk-pbx-part-3) [**All you want to know about Asterisk - VoIP system architecture - Part 2**![All you want to know about Asterisk - VoIP system architecture - Part 2](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvoip_system_architecture_401a98b7b4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-voip-system-architecture-part-2) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-you-want-to-know-about-asterisk-voip-system-architecture-part-2) [**All you want to know about Asterisk - VoIP Fundamentals - Part 1**![All you want to know about Asterisk - VoIP Fundamentals - Part 1](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fall_you_want_to_know_about_asterisk_voip_fundamentals_part_1_e06381e807.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-fundamentals) [**Asterisk Setup - Frequently Asked Questions and Answers**![Asterisk Setup - Frequently Asked Questions and Answers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fasterisk_faq_part_5_2a8a824158.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-setup-frequently-asked-questions-and-answers) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/asterisk-setup-frequently-asked-questions-and-answers) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/openstack-cloud-computing-fundamentals#) ## WordPress Password Reset ## WordPress Admin Password Reset ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsebastian_chacko_ddd2f43de8.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Sebastian Chacko - 3 min read ![WordPress Admin Password Reset](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwordpress_password_recovery_97bc49793a.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Passwords are very important in order to keep our accounts secure.  But sometimes we may forget our password or may need to change the password. Here I will point out some common ways to reset WordPress admin password. We can reset WordPress admin password using different methods: 1.  Using phpMyAdmin 2.  From MySQL command prompt 3.  Through WordPress  interface ### **Using phpMyAdmin** 1\. Log into **cPanel** and select **phpMyAdmin** under Databases section. [![phpmyadmin](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/phpmyadmin.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/phpmyadmin.png) 2\. Once you’re inside phpMyAdmin, select the database that you’re using for your WordPress installation ( The  Db name is specified in wp\_config.php file ) [![database](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/database.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/database.png) 3\. Then select the table called **wp\_users**. (wp\_ is the default prefix. If you have a chosen a custom prefix at the  time of WordPress installation this will be different). [![Screenshot](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/Screenshot.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/Screenshot.png) 4\. Once the table is loaded, look for the **username** you had chosen while installing as WordPress Admin and click  on **“Edit**” (the little **pencil icon** near to the admin username). [![edit](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/edit.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/edit.png) 5\. Look for the row named **user\_pass** (usually the third one) and make the following changes. [![password](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/password.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2015/07/password.png) - Under the Function field, set it to **MD5.** - Under the Value field, enter your new password. - Click on Save Changes and click on “Go”. ### **From MySQL command prompt** 1)  Log into MySQL ``` mysql -u root -p ``` 2) Once you have logged into the mysql enter the database that is being used by wordpress installation ``` mysql> use wordpress_databasename; ``` 3) Now run the following commands; ``` mysql> SELECT ID, user_login, user_pass FROM wp_users; #(assuming custom prefix is not set) mysql> UPDATE wp_users, SET user_pass = MD5('new password') WHERE ID = ('ID of the account which you need to reset the password'); ``` ### **Through WordPress interface** 1. Log into your WordPress admin panel and go to users. 2. Click on the edit button under your username. 3. In the Edit User screen, scroll down to the New Password section and type in a new password in the two boxes provided. 4. Click on the update profile button. [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsebastian_chacko_ddd2f43de8.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Sebastian Chacko Sebastian is good at resolving cPanel related issues in a Linux server. He is always willing to learn new technologies and he is a quick learner too. He loves to travel and likes to play cricket. ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/wordpress-admin-password-reset#) ## Domain Names History ## History of Domain Names ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Farnold_pablo_11b2148eae.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Arnold Pablo - 3 min read ![History of Domain Names](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdomain_name_history_18cbd1f370.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Before discussing the domain name history we can discuss about What is a domain name, A domain name is a unique name, kind of like an e-mail address is unique, which is registered in a database called WHOIS through an organization called Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI). The domain name corresponds to a unique set of numbers called an IP (Internet Protocol) address. The reason we use domain names instead of IP addresses is that they are closer to our language. It would be difficult to market a site like this: “Go to 64.233.167.99 or 216.109.112.135 to search the internet!” A much easier way to do this is to say “Go to www.Google.com or www.yahoo.com to search the internet!” (Both Google and Yahoo are trade marked by Google, Inc., and Yahoo, Inc., respectively). A domain name points to a computer called a “name server”. The name server knows that your domain name corresponds to your web hosting server’s IP address and it routes the person who typed in your domain name to your web hosting server - to your web site. That is how people anywhere in the world can see your web site by typing your domain name. In 1992, the National Science Foundation granted an exclusive contract to NSI to be the sole registrar of top level domain names. NSI also had a cooperative agreement with United States Department of Commerce (“DoC”). With no competition, consumers were at the mercy of NSI. In 1998, NSI and the DoC amended their cooperative agreement to allow for competing registrars. NSI was forced to provide domain name registration to the competing registrars at wholesale prices, rather than the standard $34.99 annual fee. NSI still charges $34.99 per year. In late 1998, the DoC assigned the responsibility of overseeing the transition to a competitive market for domain names and accreditation of new registrars to a new organization called the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). In 1999, ICANN began taking applications from companies who wanted to become registrars - and then capitalism took over: companies had to compete for business. Prices came down and service improved, however some are better than others. For a more detailed history of this transition, visit www.icann.org/registrars/accreditation-history.htm. Even with the positive effects of competition in the domain name marketplace, the process of internet domain name registration remains a mystery for many. There are a lot of companies that want to charge you hundreds of dollars to do the simple task of domain name registration for you. There are some registration companies who will charge you $35 just to register a domain. And there are web site consultants who charge over $100 to do the work for you. But you can do it yourself in about 15 minutes and it can cost as little as $1.99 for a year. If you do some research, learn a little and work smart, you can save yourself some money - and some headaches. - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Farnold_pablo_11b2148eae.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Arnold Pablo Technology always fascinated me and continues to do so. I started my career back in 2004 as a Junior System Admin and worked in various capacities both in technical and managerial roles. I love to experiment and try out new OSS projects and in free time, go for cycling to the interiors of God's own country, Kerala! [**500 Internal Server due to low RLimitMem value**![500 Internal Server due to low RLimitMem value](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/500-internal-server-due-to-low-rlimitmem-value) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/500-internal-server-due-to-low-rlimitmem-value) [**Change all user account passwords in a cPanel server**![Change all user account passwords in a cPanel server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fshell_scripting_compressor_2bd02b20bd.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/change-all-user-account-passwords-in-a-cpanel-server) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Snippets](https://www.supportsages.com/category/snippets) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/change-all-user-account-passwords-in-a-cpanel-server) [**cPanel, postgresql and a default database issue with 8.4.x versions of postgres**![cPanel, postgresql and a default database issue with 8.4.x versions of postgres](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-postgresql-and-a-default-database-issues-with-8-4-x-versions-of-postgres) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [PostgreSQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/postgresql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-postgresql-and-a-default-database-issues-with-8-4-x-versions-of-postgres) [**CRITICAL : Serious kernel bug!!! Root privilege escalation**![CRITICAL : Serious kernel bug!!! Root privilege escalation](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/critical-serious-kernel-bug-root-privilege-escalation) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/critical-serious-kernel-bug-root-privilege-escalation) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/history-of-domain-names#) ## Netstat Command Overview ## Understanding the netstat command ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ftravis_ville_ae6a91eadc.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Travis Ville - 6 min read ![Understanding the netstat command](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fss_10_a1b59ea64a.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Netstat is a command-line network utility useful for network troubleshooting and performance measurement. netstat (network statistics) is available in most versions of Windows, Linux, UNIX, and other operating systems. The command provides various network related information such as current TCP/IP connections, routing tables, interface statistics, etc. It is the basic tool which helps us to find the ports that are open and to find programs that are listening on ports. The output of the netstat command is described below : - Proto : The protocol (tcp, udp, raw) used by the socket. - Recv-Q : The count of bytes not copied by the user program connected to this socket. - Send-Q : The count of bytes not acknowledged by the remote host. - Local Address : The address and port number of the local end of the socket. - Foreign Address : The address and port number of the remote end of the socket. - State : The state of the socket. - ESTABLISHED : The socket has an established connection. - SYN\_SENT : The socket is actively attempting to establish a connection. - SYN\_RECV : A connection request has been received from the network. - FIN\_WAIT1 : The socket is closed, and the connection is shutting down. - FIN\_WAIT2 : Connection is closed, and the socket is waiting for a shutdown from the remote end. - TIME\_WAIT : The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network. - CLOSE : The socket is not being used. - CLOSE\_WAIT : The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close. - LAST\_ACK : The remote end has shut down, and the socket is closed. Waiting for acknowledgment. - LISTEN : The socket is listening for incoming connections. - CLOSING : Both sockets are shut down but we still don’t have all our data sent. - UNKNOWN : The state of the socket is unknown. Netstat Command Practical Examples : **1\. To list all the LISTENING Ports of TCP and UDP connections** “netstat -a” option can be used to list all TCP and UDP ports. ``` root@server:~# netstat -a ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat1.png) **2\. To list all the TCP Ports connections** “netstat -at” option can be used to list only TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) port connections. ``` root@server:~# netstat -at ``` **![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat2.png)** **3\. To list all the UDP Ports connections** “netstat -au” option can be used to list only UDP (User Datagram Protocol) port connections. ``` root@server:~# netstat -au ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat3.png) **4\. To list all listening port connections** “netstat -l” option can be used to list all active listening ports connections. ``` root@server:~# netstat -l ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat4.png) **5\. To list all TCP listening Ports** “netstat -lt” option can be used to list all TCP Listening Ports connections. ``` root@server:~# netstat -lt ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat5.png) **6\. To list all UDP listening Ports** “netstat -lu” can be used to list all the UDP listening Ports connections. ``` root@server:~# netstat -lu ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat6.png) **7\. To list all UNIX Listening Ports** “netstat -lx” option can be used to list all UNIX Listening Ports connections. ``` root@server:~# netstat -lx ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat7.png) **8\. To list the statistics for all ports** “netstat -s” option can be used to list the statistics for all ports. ``` root@server:~# netstat -s ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat8.png) **9\. To list the statistics for TCP (or) UDP ports** “netstat -st” option can be used to list the statistics for TCP ports. ``` root@server:~# netstat -st ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat9.png) “netstat -su” option can be used to list the statistics for UDP ports. ``` root@server:~# netstat -su ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat9.1.png) **10\. To display service name with PID** “netstat -tp” option can be used to display the service name with their PID number. ``` root@server:~# netstat -tp ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat.png) **11\. To display the kernel routing information** “netstat -r” option can be used to display the kernel routing information. ``` root@server:~# netstat -r ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat11-1.png) **12\. To find listening ports** “netstat -ap” option can be used to find the port on which a program is running. ``` root@server:~# netstat -ap | grep ssh ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat14.png) **13\. To list of network interfaces** “netstat -i” option can be used to list the network interfaces. ``` root@server:~# netstat -i ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat13.1.png) “netstat -ie” option can be used to display extended information on the interfaces. ``` root@server:~# netstat -ie ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat13.2.png) **14\. To show which process is using a particular port** ``` netstat -anlp | grep $portnumber ``` An example of the same is given below. ``` root@server:~# netstat -anlp | grep 80 ``` ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/netstat14.png) When dealing with the traffic on the server, it’s important to be informed about the inbound and outbound connections and port to which they are connected. Netstat command is well suited for this purpose. For more options and information about netstat command, you can use “man netstat” command or refer netstat manual docs. [![security audit](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/07/3rd-Party-Software-Installations.jpg)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-security-audit/) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) #### Looking for AWS Experts? 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/understanding-the-netstat-command#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/understanding-the-netstat-command#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/understanding-the-netstat-command#) ## Understanding SAR Output ## SysAdmin Series - Understanding the SAR Output ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Smith Nevil - 8 min read ![SysAdmin Series – Understanding the SAR Output](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsysadmin_series_understanding_the_sar_output_6d7559bccf.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... System Activity Reporter aka SAR is a part of sysstat package. SAR helps you to get and compare the historical data and that too of different metrics. SAR collects the data through two cronjobs that runs every 10 minutes and at 23:53 . SAR takes the statistics of different aspects of the machine at a definite time interval through a cron. What all historical statistics can sar show ?: - CPU Utilisation reports - Memory and swap space usage Reports - Network Utilization Statistics - No. of Process created per second Reports - Load Average Reports I/O and transfer rate statistics SAR can be installed on the server easily by the following steps: On a RHEL/CentOS server: ``` #yum install sysstat ``` On a Debian Server: ``` #apt-get install sysstat ``` The sysstat package consist of the following packages: - sar - displays the recorded data. - sadc - system activity data collector, which records the data regarding system activity in a binary format. - sa1 - a BASH script used by sadc in background; called every ten minutes by cron (from /etc/cron.d/sysstat). - sa2 - a BASH script used for writing the daily reports and called by cron once per day (from /etc/cron.d/sysstat). - sadf - displays the recorded data; in contrast with sar provides various formats (CSV, XML and so forth). Configuration file of sysstat in a RHEL/CentOS 7 release is at /etc/sysconfig/sysstat and you can change the HISTORY value from 28 to more also so that you have more days of historical data available for you. Note that if value is greater than 28, then log files will be kept in multiple directories, one for each month. Sometimes the config could be in /etc/default/sysstat, particularly in older releases. Name of the cron is sysstat: ``` [root@server ~]# cat /etc/cron.d/sysstat ``` \# Run system activity accounting tool every 1a minutes. If you want to increase frequency, modify the cron. ``` */10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1 # 0 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 600 6 & # Generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53 53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A ``` sa1 creates a binary file with the syntax saXX and sa2 creates a report (normal file) at the end of the day as provided in the cron job. This file is human readable and its syntax will be sarXX where XX is the day of the month in both the cases. ``` [root@server ~]# ls -l /var/log/sa/sa* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 486156 Jan 1 23g5a /var/log/sa/saa1 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 486156 Jan 2 23g5a /var/log/sa/saa2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 486156 Jan 3 23g5a /var/log/sa/saa3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 486156 Jan 4 23g5a /var/log/sa/saa4 X X X -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 358a81 Jan 1 23g53 /var/log/sa/sara1 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 358a81 Jan 2 23g53 /var/log/sa/sara2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 358a81 Jan 3 23g53 /var/log/sa/sara3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 358a81 Jan 4 23g53 /var/log/sa/sara4 ``` Few examples and explanation ``` [root@server.hosting.com ~]# sar -u 1 2 Linux 3.10.0-862.3.2.el7.x86_64 (server.hosting.com)      12/01/2018 _x86_64_ (1 CPU) 03:15:28 PM     CPU %user  %nice %system %iowait    %steal %idle 03:15:29 PM     all 0.00   0.00 1.00 0.00      0.00 99.00 03:15:30 PM     all 0.00   0.00 0.00 0.00      0.00 100.00 Average:        all 0.00   0.00 0.50 0.00      0.00 99.50 ``` The above command gives the CPU utilization at an interval of 1 seconds 2 (count) times. If we skip the count, the reports are given continuously. If we skip both the interval and the count, the sar command gives the CPU utilization for the current day. **%user**: Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level which includes application processes, user running jobs, etc. **%nice**: Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level with nice priority. **%system**: Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the kernel level. This constitutes the memory used by the OS kernel itself to maintain optimum system function. **%iowait**: Percentage of time that the CPUs were idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request. An example of high I/O wait is when a backup job is running, but there is no tape drive loaded to take the backup resulting in the job getting stuck. **%steal**: Percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU or CPUs while the hypervisor was servicing another virtual processor. This category of CPU utilization would occur in case of virtual machines only. **%idle**: Percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle and the system did not have an outstanding disk I/O request. ``` [root@server ~]# sar -P ALL 1 2 Linux 3.10.0-514.21.2.el7.x86_64 (server.hosting) 01/18/2018 _x86_64_ (8CPU) 10:37:14 AM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 10:37:15 AM all 2.88 0.88 0.50 0.00 0.00 95.74 10:37:15 AM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 10:37:15 AM 1 4.00 6.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 89.00 10:37:15 AM 2 15.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 84.00 10:37:15 AM 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 10:37:15 AM 4 1.01 0.00 1.01 0.00 0.00 97.98 10:37:15 AM 5 0.00 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 98.99 10:37:15 AM 6 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 98.99 10:37:15 AM 7 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 98.00 ``` I am not going for details with other statistics and just leaving commands and links for future references. **Memory utilization** ``` [root@server ~]# sar -r 1 2 Linux 3.10.0-514.21.2.el7.x86_64 (server.hosting.com) 01/18/2018 _x86_64_(8 CPU) 10:42:05 AM kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbc0ched kbcommit %commit kb0ctive kbin0ct kbdirty 10:42:06 AM 1255844 31423068 96.16 1192956 13604508 14922384 30.17 16472152 8198808 2600 10:42:07 AM 1257312 31421600 96.15 1192972 13604556 14884300 30.10 16470220 8198844 2248 Average: 1256578 31422334 96.15 1192964 13604532 14903342 30.13 16471186 8198826 2424 ``` **kbmemfree**: amount of free memory available in kilobytes. **kbmemused**: amount of used memory in kilobytes. This does not take into account memory used by the kernel itself. **%memused**: percentage of used memory. **kbbuffers**: amount of memory used as buffers by the kernel in kilobytes. **kbcached**: amount of memory used to cache data by the kernel in kilobytes. **kbcommit**: amount of memory in kilobytes needed for current workload. This is an estimate of how much RAM/swap is needed to guarantee that there never is out of memory. Make sure that the number is always lesser than the RAM available. **%commit**: percentage of memory needed for current workload in relation to the total amount of memory (RAM+swap). This number may be greater than 100% because the kernel usually over commits memory. If it goes beyond 100% and been there consistently, that means we are short of memory (inclusive of SWAP) **kbactive**: amount of active memory in kilobytes (memory that has been used more recently and usually not reclaimed unless absolutely necessary). **kbinact**: amount of inactive memory in kilobytes (memory which has been less recently used. It is more eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes). **kbdirty**: amount of memory waiting to get written back to disk **Swap memory statistics** - sar -S 1 2 **Disk utilization and performance statistics** - sar -p -d 1 2 **I/O statistics** - sar -b 1 2 **Network Utilization Statistics** - sar -n DEV 1 1 **No. of Process created per second statistics** - sar -c 1 3 **Load Average Reports** - sar -q 2 4 This is just a beginning. More and more options you use regularly and trying to understand the metrics each options list is the key. You can refer the URLs below for getting a better understanding of the sar and its options. References [http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/features.html](http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/features.html) [https://www.lisenet.com/2014/measure-and-troubleshoot-linux-memory-resource-usage/](https://www.lisenet.com/2014/measure-and-troubleshoot-linux-memory-resource-usage/) [https://www.golinuxhub.com/2014/02/tutorial-for-monitoring-tools-sar-and.html](https://www.golinuxhub.com/2014/02/tutorial-for-monitoring-tools-sar-and.html) Uninterrupted service delivery can only be assured through constant monitoring of services and servers. System monitoring and administration is a critical aspect to the successful operations of most businesses. Don’t worry. We are here to help you. [Contact us with your requirements.](https://www.supportsages.com/server-monitoring-services/) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Smith Nevil Smith is always ready to learn new technologies and explore new territories. His never-ending passion towards technological advancements, unyielding affinity to perfection and excitement in the exploration of new areas, help him to be on the top of everything he is involved with. He is currently working as System Engineer at SupportSages. [**Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server**![Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_01_803de2d771.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) [**Automating AWS Infrastructure and services**![Automating AWS Infrastructure and services](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fautomating_aws_infrastructure_and_services_f5485fcd00.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services) [**cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers**![cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffind_duplicate_domains_in_servers_0674ecad6d.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) [**How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ?**![How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_find_dimm_errors_and_replace_the_faulty_ram_32768a474b.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sysadmin-series-sar-output#) ## Clear Eximstatus Entries ## How to clear eximstatus database entries ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmanu_m_f4fffde23d.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Manu M. - 3 min read ![How to clear eximstatus database entries](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_clear_eximstatus_database_entries_457287ce17.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Hello, This post is about truncating eximstats database. The scenario is considered when the database size increase to large size. This can occur due to high mail queue or spam issues. If your eximstats database has gotten pretty large, chances are you have a spam issue and may want to check your /var/log/exim\_mainlog log to see if you have any kind of spam activity going on. **_So what is eximstats database?_** Eximstats parses the exim log to produce text and graphical data, i.e. number of successful and unsuccessful delivery etc . From WHM we can analyze the email queue by from “ **Home » Email » Mail Queue Manager“**. The eximstats normally analyze the exim mainlog and syslog files to generate a statistical output. Here I’m explaining the way to remove contents from the database Eximstats. 1, SSH to server as ‘root’ user. 2, Enter to MySQL command prompt. ``` root@myserver [~]# mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 14851610 Server version: 10.0.20-MariaDB-cll-lve MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> ``` 3, Use the database eximstat. ``` MariaDB [(none)]> use eximstats; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed MariaDB [eximstats]> ``` 4, The DB eximstat mainly contains 4 tables: ``` MariaDB [eximstats]> show tables; +---------------------+ | Tables_in_eximstats | +---------------------+ | defers | | failures | | sends | | smtp | +---------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [eximstats]> ``` 5, Truncate all tables. ``` MariaDB [eximstats]> truncate table smtp; MariaDB [eximstats]> truncate table sends; MariaDB [eximstats]> truncate table failures; MariaDB [eximstats]> truncate table defers; ``` 6, Quit from MySQL prompt. ``` MariaDB [eximstats]> quit Bye ``` 7, Check the DB. ``` root@sng006 [~]# mysqlcheck -c eximstats eximstats.defers OK eximstats.failures OK eximstats.sends OK eximstats.smtp ``` 6, Restart Exim daemon. Do check the exim main log and confirm that everything is normal. That’s all 🙂 [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmanu_m_f4fffde23d.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Manu M. Manu has been with us for past one and half years and is a person with good technical skills and domain knowledge. Being a highly athletic personality, Manu likes to play Cricket and Badminton of all games whenever he gets time off. Apart from his technical and athletic abilities, he is a good writer and has tried his hands on penning a few poems of his own. He believes in the mantra that "small things matter the most" and this nature can also visible in his blogs and writings. [**Add a command/binary to CageFS**![Add a command/binary to CageFS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fadd_a_command_binary_to_cagefs_929badad06.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs) [**Check inode availability for your server**![Check inode availability for your server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcheck_inode_availability_for_your_server_8ae29dae08.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/check-inode-availability-server-approved) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/check-inode-availability-server-approved) [**Enable password asterisk in Linux**![Enable password asterisk in Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fenable_password_asterisk_in_linux_2_1b3205cf7d.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/enable-password-asterisk-in-linux) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/enable-password-asterisk-in-linux) [**Hide php version information**![Hide php version information](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhide_php_version_information_cf7014064f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hide-php-version-information) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hide-php-version-information) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/clear-eximstatus-database-entries#) ## Enable PHP GeoIP Extension ## Enabling GeoIP Extension for PHP ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvipin_f4df4a26d5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Vipin R.N - 2 min read ![Enabling GeoIP Extension for PHP](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fenable_geoip_336c325b7c.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... We had a requirement to enable GeoIP for PHP. The scenario is the server is equipped with PHP 5.2.17 and later PHP 5.3.22 was installed on it alongside. Thus users would be able to switch to PHP 5.3.22 by adding a handler in the .htaccess file. ### Requirement Enable **GeoIP extension** in PHP 5.3.22 | | | | --- | --- | | PHP extension | Geo IP | | Function | Map IP address to Geographic locations | | Description | This PHP extension allows you to find the location of an IP address - City, State, Country, Longitude, Latitude, and other information as all, such as ISP and connection type. | ### Pre-Requisite Information PHP 5.3.22 is installed at the location **/usr/local/php53.** **Â** I’ve gone ahead installing the **GeoIP**  module using **PECLÂ** **PECL -** PECL is a repository for PHP Extensions, providing a directory of all known extensions and hosting facilities for downloading and development of PHP extensions. The packaging and distribution system used by PECL is shared with its sister, PEAR. GeoIP 1.0.8 is the latest stable version available. So lets go for it ``` root@server [/usr/local/php53/bin]# ./pecl install geoip-1.0.8 ``` The last entries in the process is read as given below ``` Build process completed successfully Installing '/usr/local/php53/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/geoip.so' ```  So now lets edit the **php.ini**  at **/usr/local/php53/lib**  file to make ``` extension_dir="/usr/local/php53/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626" ``` Once this done,  check whether the module is enabled or not ``` #/usr/local/php53/bin/php -i | grep geoip geoip geoip support => enabled geoip extension version => 1.0.8 geoip library version => 1004005 geoip.custom_directory => no value => no value ``` Done 🙂  ` ` - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvipin_f4df4a26d5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Vipin R.N Vipin is a no-nonsense, disciplined guy who ensures that everything is carried out with the highest level of perfection. Apart from his great coding skills, he is quite interested in advanced server administration, issue analysis, documentation and training. In-depth knowledge in international politics, ammunition and automobiles makes this hard core Manchester United fan, one of the most referenced personalities in the entire team. [**“Suspended Page ” defaced in cPanel Server**![“Suspended Page ” defaced in cPanel Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_suspended_page_hacked_2_8594f8d1bb.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-suspended-page-hacked) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-suspended-page-hacked) [**APC Cache Activation and disable XCache**![APC Cache Activation and disable XCache](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Finstall_apc_cache_91dd9ce9a2.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/apc-cache-activation-and-disable-xcache) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/apc-cache-activation-and-disable-xcache) [**Blacklisted ? Switch your Mail Server IP**![Blacklisted ? Switch your Mail Server IP](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmailserverip_37b98ad91c.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/blacklisted-switch-your-mail-server-ip) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Webmail](https://www.supportsages.com/category/webmail) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/blacklisted-switch-your-mail-server-ip) [**Chapter 12 All about a process running in linux**![Chapter 12 All about a process running in linux](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fprocess_in_linux_46601afeca.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-about-a-process-running-in-linux) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Special Offers](https://www.supportsages.com/category/special-offers) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-about-a-process-running-in-linux) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/php-geoip-extension-activation#) ## UFW Firewall Configuration ## Configuring Firewall with UFW ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ftravis_ville_ae6a91eadc.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Travis Ville - 4 min read ![Configuring Firewall with UFW](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F01_4_689e284b85.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Managing firewall using the only tables can be a daunting task and it takes time to be proficient. Many frontends for iptables have been created over the years targeting different audiences. UFW is a frontend for iptables and is particularly well-suited for host-based firewalls. UFW or Uncomplicated Firewall is developed to provide an easy-to-use interface for IPv4 or IPv6 host-based firewall. It provides a command-line interface for manipulating the firewall. For Ubuntu, ufw is the default firewall configuration tool but it is disabled by default. UFW is not available in centos by default but it is available in the EPEL repository. UFW is a wrapper for iptables and netfilters. #### Installing UFW - Ubuntu UFW is available in most Ubuntu-based distributions. If it is not available you can install it using the following command. ``` # apt-get install ufw -y ``` - Centos UFW is not available in centos by default. EPEL repository needs to be installed first. You can install the same using the following command. ``` # yum install epel-release -y ``` Once the EPEL repository is installed, UFW can be installed using the following command. ``` # yum install --enablerepo="epel" ufw -y ``` You can check the installation by running the following command. ``` # ufw --version ufw 0.35 Copyright 2008-2015 Canonical Ltd. ``` #### Check Status The status of UFW can be checked anytime using the following command. Initially, the UFW will be inactive. ``` # ufw status Status: inactive ``` If the UFW is active then it will show the list of all rules. ``` # ufw status Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- 3333 ALLOW 122.165.118.184 22 ALLOW Anywhere 22 (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) ``` #### Enable the Firewall To prevent yourself from locking out if you are working over SSH, you should set up the basic rules first and then enable UFW. To allow both incoming and outgoing connections on port 22 (or any port) for SSH, you can use the following command. ``` # ufw allow ssh or # ufw allow 22 or # ufw allow ``` The following command can be used to enable UFW and enforce your firewall rules. ``` # ufw enable Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)?y Firewall is active and enabled on system startup ``` Similarly, UFW can be disabled by using the following command. ``` # ufw disable Firewall stopped and disabled on system startup ``` #### Using IPv6 with UFW If the server is configured for Ipv6 then UFW must be configured to support Ipv6 so that it will be configured for both IPv4 and IPv6. In order to configure the same open the UFW configuration file “/etc/default/ufw”. ``` # vi /etc/default/ufw ``` Make sure that “IPV6” is set to “yes”. ``` IPV6=yes ``` You will need to ‘disable’ and then ‘enable’ the firewall (restart your firewall) for the changes to take effect. ``` # ufw disable # ufw enable ``` #### Enable Logging UFW logging can be enabled using the following command. ``` # ufw logging on Logging enabled ``` Similarly, logging can be disabled using the following command. ``` # ufw logging off Logging disabled ``` A normal log entry in “/var/log/ufw.log” is given below. ``` May 24 12:39:11 sage2 kernel: [UFW BLOCK] IN=ppp0 OUT= MAC= SRC=122.252.14.170 DST=10.212.135.1 LEN=83 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=41805 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=443 DPT=33463 WINDOW=136 RES=0x00 ACK PSH URGP=0 ``` The log values can be explained as below : - **\[UFW BLOCK\]**: This location is where the description of the logged event will be located. In this instance, it blocked a connection. - **IN**: The event was incoming if this contains a value. - **OUT**: The event was outgoing if this contains a value. - **MAC**: A combination of the destination and source MAC addresses - **SRC**: The IP of the packet source - **DST**: The IP of the packet destination - **LEN**: Packet length - **TTL**: The packet TTL, or time to live. How long it will bounce between routers until it expires if no destination is found. - **PROTO**: The packet’s protocol - **SPT**: The source port of the package - **DPT**: The destination port of the package - **WINDOW**: The size of the packet the sender can receive - **SYN URGP**: Indicated if a three-way handshake is required. 0 means it is not. You should have installed and configured UFW on your server now. Using UFW you will be able to protect your server from most common attacks. Make sure to allow all incoming connections that are necessary for the proper functioning of the server. [![Secure your server](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/07/3rd-Party-Software-Installations.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-hardening-service/) - [Firewalls](https://www.supportsages.com/category/firewalls) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ftravis_ville_ae6a91eadc.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Travis Ville Travis Ville [**6 ways how Outsourcing Server Management will improve Customer Retention**![6 ways how Outsourcing Server Management will improve Customer Retention](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F6_ways_how_outsourcing_server_management_will_improve_customer_retention_2_fffdb7dd0b.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/outsourcing-server-management) [**How To Configure Django With Apache In CentOS 7**![How To Configure Django With Apache In CentOS 7](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_configure_django_with_apache_in_centos_7_53b4e5abbf.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-django-with-apache-in-centos7) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-django-with-apache-in-centos7) [**Understanding the netstat command**![Understanding the netstat command](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fss_10_a1b59ea64a.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/understanding-the-netstat-command) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/understanding-the-netstat-command) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configuring-firewall-with-ufw#) ## LiteMage Cache Troubleshooting ## Magento 2 - Troubleshooting Litemage Crawler ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgalvin_sam_fa1e457e9a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Galvin Sam - 3 min read ![Magento 2 – Troubleshooting Litemage Crawler](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmagento_2_2_18814306ce.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... There are some scenarios in which the Litemage cache won’t be working on the Magento 2 website. Let’s discuss how to troubleshoot if the Litemage caching is not working on the website. ### Solution 1. Make sure that LiteMage cache is installed and enabled from the admin panel. 2. Make sure that the Magento cronjobs are running fine. You can ensure this by checking the \`cron\_schedule\` table of the database used by the website. Check if the status is “SUCCESS”. 3. If the above checks fail, we can manually crawl the website contents as shown below. The crawler travels through your site, refreshing pages that have expired in the cache. This makes it less likely that your visitors will encounter un-cached pages. _Before we start, make sure that crawler is enabled on the server. If not you can read more on enabling the crawlers [here.](https://www.litespeedtech.com/support/wiki/doku.php/litespeed_wiki:cache:lscwp:configuration:enabling_the_crawler)_ #### Enable Sitemap on the Magento store Navigate to **Magento Admin** \> **Stores** > **Settings** > **Configuration** > **Catalog** > **XML Sitemap** ![Litemage crawler](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/m1.png) Set **Generation Settings** > **Enabled** to **yes** ![Litemage](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/m2.png) ### Configuring a Single Sitemap for All Storefronts Navigate to **Magento Admin** > **Marketing** > **Seo & Search** > **Sitemap** - Click the **Add Sitemap** button - Enter values - **Filename**:  _sitemap.xml_ - **Path**: / Click the **Save & Generat** **e** button ![Litemage](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/m3.png) If all went well, a **sitemap.xml** file will have been generated in your Magento 2 document root. Once the **sitemap.xml** is generated download the Litemage crawler script from [here](http://kb.int.supportsages.com/download/attachments/21790818/M2-crawler.sh?version=1&modificationDate=1552034983000). Change the permissions so that the file is executable: ``` chmod +x M2_crawler.sh ``` Run the script: bash M2-crawler.sh SITE-MAP-URL For example, if the URL is sagemagento.com then the command will be like:- ``` bash M2-crawler.sh sagemagento.com/sitemap.xml ``` How to verify if the crawlers are working - If the crawlers are working perfectly, when you curl the website you will be able to see **X-LiteSpeed-Cache: hit,litemage** in the curl output. - ![Litemage](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/m4.png) - When using the browser developer tool, load a previously uncached page. You should see **X-LiteSpeed-Cache: hit,litemage** on the first view. - ![Litemage](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/m5.png) [![3rd party software installations](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/08/3rd-Party-Software-Installations.jpg)](https://www.supportsages.com/thirdparty-software-installation/) - [magento](https://www.supportsages.com/category/magento) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgalvin_sam_fa1e457e9a.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Galvin Sam Galvin Sam [**Deep dive into Docker**![Deep dive into Docker](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_3_2_90815e682f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker) - [Docker](https://www.supportsages.com/category/docker) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/deep-dive-into-docker) [**How is a Linux Container different from a Virtual Machine?**![How is a Linux Container different from a Virtual Machine?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F3_2_2_ac007a2a7f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/linux-container) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/magento2-troubleshooting-litemage-crawler#) ## ksoftirqd Explained ## SysAdmin Series - What does ksoftirqd do ? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Faaden_dev_29887e615f.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Aaden Dev - 4 min read ![SysAdmin Series – What does ksoftirqd do ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsysadmin_series_what_does_ksoftirqd_do_4ca1670935.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Operating System manages and controls I/O operations and I/O devices. Let’s have a quick overview of different ways of interacting with I/O devices, before we go through what a ksoftirqd does. **Interrupts** - The CPU issues commands to the I/O module then proceeds with its normal work until interrupted by I/O device on completion of its work. **DMA** - Direct Memory Access (DMA) means CPU grants I/O module, the authority to read from or write to memory without involvement. **Polling** - OS simply checks from time to time if a device has completed a request. There is DMA + Interrupts as well as DMA + polling as well. Now let’s consider the interrupts way of interacting with the I/O. Interrupts from the hardware are known as “top-half” interrupts. Interrupts are best explained with network traffic. When a NIC receives incoming data, it copies the data into kernel buffers using DMA. The NIC notifies the kernel of this data by raising a hard interrupt. These interrupts are processed by interrupt handlers which do minimal work, as they have already interrupted another task and cannot be interrupted themselves. Hard interrupts can be expensive in terms of CPU usage, especially when holding kernel locks. The hard interrupt handler then leaves the majority of packet reception to a software interrupt, or SoftIRQ, a process which can be scheduled more fairly. Hard interrupts can be seen in /proc/interrupts while soft interrupts can be seen at **/proc/softirqs** The softirq system in the Linux kernel is a mechanism for executing code outside of the context of an interrupt handler implemented in a driver. This system is important because hardware interrupts may be disabled during all or part of the execution of an interrupt handler. When the interrupt handlers are processing the interrupts, they cannot be interrupted themselves. That is why we have the interrupt handlers doing the minimal work, of interruption, while the responsibility of actual receiving of network traffic is managed by software interrupts. In some situations, IRQs come very very fast one after the other and the operating system cannot finish servicing one before another one arrives. One of the mechanisms of deferring the tasks is by implementing a queuing system, called ksoftirqd. ksoftirqd, is utilized when the machine is under heavy soft interrupt load. If ksoftirqd is taking more than a certain percentage of CPU time, this indicates the machine is under heavy interrupt load and not eating CPU. If there is a bug in a driver or any other issue, you can see that one CPU is taking too much load while others are underutilized. You can tweak the settings a bit, by defining which CPU picks up a certain interrupt. You do this by changing the contents of **/proc/irq/$interrupt\_number/smp\_affinity**. You can get a list of interrupts and their meaning by doing: **cat /proc/interrupts** ![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/04/Screenshot-from-2019-04-29-13-17-22.png) The number in smp\_affinity is a bitmap of CPUs, represented in hex code. The rightmost bit is the least significant. For instance, if the system has 8 cores and you only wanted to use cores 0, 1 and 3, you should set the smp\_affinity to **1a:** **cpu\_7 cpu\_6 cpu\_5 cpu\_4 cpu\_3 cpu\_2 cpu\_1 cpu\_0** **0  0  0  0  1  0  1  1 = 00001011 = 0B (in hex)** For eg: if you want to set up any of the CPU to be able to pick up interrupt 38 (eth0 in my 8-core system) with: **sudo echo ff > /proc/irq/38/smp\_affinity** [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Faaden_dev_29887e615f.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Aaden Dev Aaden Dev [**Engintron installation and configuration**![Engintron installation and configuration](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fengintron_installation_and_configuration_da231020b0.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/engintron-installation-and-configuration) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/engintron-installation-and-configuration) [**When does DNS use TCP / UDP?**![When does DNS use TCP / UDP?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwhen_does_dns_uses_tcp_or_udp_2_3db20a4ad4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/when-does-dns-use-tcp-udp) - [DNS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/dns) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/when-does-dns-use-tcp-udp) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-does-ksoftirqd-do#) ## Email Filtering Guide ## How To Setup Account-Level Filter on cPanel Servers ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsreejith_905f1a3d51.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Sreejith K R - 5 min read ![How To Setup Account-Level Filter on cPanel Servers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_level_filter_a78fec46a5.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Account level filtering is a feature provided in cPanel to filter e-mail based on rules. E-mails can be filtered in account level; i.e., mails to all email accounts on the domain can be filtered. Mail filtering can reduce spam messages by discarding/rejecting them according to the rule-set. There is a default account created in cPanel in the format “ _username@domainname_“. This account can not be used to sent mail. There is also User Level Filtering in cPanel which allows to filter mails for each email account. This is different from Account Level filtering because User Level filter applies only to the specific mail account for which it was created. But Account Level Filtering affects all the mails coming to that domain. Filters can be configured from **cPanel >> _Mail >> Account Level Filtering._** **Options:**  These are the conditions that can be used to select the mail. **Operations:** These are the way in which the options are matched with a mail to check if it satisfies the conditions. Several operations and options can be combined to create a large complex filter. **Actions:** _These are the action to be taken/applied to the mail which satisfy the filtering condition(s)._ ### **Options :** From **:** Address from which the message was sent. Subject **:** The subject line of the message. To **:** Address to which the message was sent. Reply Address **:** Address to which the reply will be sent. Body **:** Body, or content area of the message. Any Header **:** A header of the message. Any recipient **:** A recipient of the message. Has not been previously delivered **:** Affects messages still in queue for delivery. Is an error message **:** Affects error messages received from an auto-response system. Spam Status **:** The status SpamAssassin has conferred on the message; it begins with either “Yes” or “No.” Spam Bar **:** The content of the Spam Bar header that SpamAssassin has generated for this message. This header contains plus (+) signs to denote the likelihood that the message is spam; more plus signs means the message is more likely spam. Spam Score **:** The overall spam score assigned to the message by SpamAssassin, expressed in digits. The spam score correlates to the number of plus (+) signs in the Spam Bar header. ### **Operators :** equals **:** Exactly matches the string you define below. matches regex **:** Matches a regular expression defined below. Contains **:** Contains the string you define. does not contain **:** Does not contain the string you define. begins with **:** Begins with the string you define. ends with **:** Ends with the string you define. does not begin **:** Does not begin with the string you define. does not end with **:** Does not end with the string you define. does not match **:** Is not equal to the string you define. Following are only applicable when the **Spam Score option is selected (numeric value only**). is above **:** Scores greater than the number you define will be subject to the action. is not above **:** All scores equal to or less than the defined number will be subject to the action. is below **:** All scores below the defined number will be subject to the action. is not below **:** All scores greater than or equal to the specified number will be subject to the action. ### **Actions :** Discard Message **:** Destroys the incoming message with no failure notice. Redirect to email : Redirects the message to another email address that you specify. Fail with message : Discards the message and automatically returns a specified failure notice to the sender. Stop Processing Rules : Skips all filter rules. Deliver to folder : Deposits the message into a specified folder. Pipe to a program : Sends the incoming message to a program you have specified. This option is only available via _Account Level Filtering_(not _User Level Filtering_), for security reasons. [![Account level](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/10/Account-level.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/10/Account-level.png) [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsreejith_905f1a3d51.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Sreejith K R Sreejith is an early adopter of upcoming technologies and has got immense interest on exploring its features for improving productivity. He is quite proficient in various scripting languages and loves to enhance work flow through development of various automation scripts. He is video game junkie and is a perfect choice for the position of a game tester :-) [**CentOS: Adding static IP/ IP range**![CentOS: Adding static IP/ IP range](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fadding_static_ip_ed7bd93359.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/centos-adding-static-ip-ip-range) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/centos-adding-static-ip-ip-range) [**rm -f \*: “Argument List too long”**![rm -f *: “Argument List too long”](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Frmf_argument_list_too_long_3_8efeb40eec.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/rm-f-argument-list-too-long) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/rm-f-argument-list-too-long) [**Spamming: A handbook for admins**![Spamming: A handbook for admins](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fspamming_2_d204af3691.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/spamming-a-handbook-for-admins) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/spamming-a-handbook-for-admins) [**Steps to enable auto-negotiation for your NIC**![Steps to enable auto-negotiation for your NIC](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fenable_auto_negotiation_c996bc1ace.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/enabling-auto-negotiation-for-the-nic) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/enabling-auto-negotiation-for-the-nic) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/email-account-level-filter#) ## Webuzo Log Paths ## Webuzo Log Paths ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fprofile_pic_male_ca9ac83ce6.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Mohammed Aslam N K - 3 min read ![Webuzo Log Paths](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwebuzo_log_paths_9681ca9b7a.jpg&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Webuzo provides a centralised interface to manage various aspects of web hosting such as website files, databases, email accounts, DNS settings, and server resources. Additionally, it also provides access to common logs which record various activities and events on the server. In this blog we are discussing some common logs files that contain information about the activities performed on the server. Which are used for troubleshooting, monitoring, and analysis purposes. These logs record events such as web server requests, errors, warnings, access attempts, and many others. They are essential for identifying and resolving issues related to the server, the hosted applications, and the user. **Exim : -** The main.log contains ALL interactions that exim handles, so both incoming and outgoing mail transactions. Log Path:- /var/log/exim/main.log The reject.log contains all connection attempts that were denied. This information is also logged in the main.log. Log Path:- /var/log/exim/reject.log **Dovecot:-** IMAP and POP3 login attempts; transactions; fatal errors and Apache SpamAssassin™scores. Log Path:- /var/log/maillog **Apache2:-** Within the logs folder, each site on the server will have its own log file.  These files will be the fully qualified domainname.err, i.e. [domain.com](http://domain.com/).err. Log Path:- /usr/local/apps/apache2/logs **Modsecurity:-** An audit log. For every transaction that’s blocked, ModSecurity provides detailed logs about the transaction and why it was blocked Log Path:- /usr/local/apps/apache2/logs/modsec\_audit.log **Litespeed:-** Log Path:- /usr/local/lsws/logs **Lighttpd:-** Log Path:- /usr/local/apps/lighttpd/var/logs **Mysql:-** Problems encountered when starting, running, or stopping mysqld. Log Path:- /var/log/mysqld.log **Pureftpd:-** Log Path:- /usr/local/apps/pureftpd/logs **PHP log:-** A PHP error log lists warnings and error messages, which are generated by the language runtime and saved to a file. Log Path:- /usr/local/apps/php(phpversion)/var/log e.g : /usr/local/apps/php70/var/log **Roundcube (webmail) log :-** Log Path:- /var/webuzo-data/roundcube/logs/errors.log **Backup Log:-** Log Path:-  /var/webuzo/logs/admin\_auto\_backup.log **Error logs Webuzo End-user Panel** You can view the error logs from Webuzo End-user Panel  >>  Server Utilities  >>  Error Logs ![Webuzo Log Paths.png](https://siteapi.supportsages.com/uploads/Webuzo_Log_Paths_5642e3d81d.png) Select the Domain from the drop down to view the domain specific Error Logs ![webuzologpath2.png](https://siteapi.supportsages.com/uploads/webuzologpath2_aa15db5101.png) In conclusion, The function of common logs cannot be overlooked as they are integral in the pursuit of being able to monitor and analyse the activities and events occurring on a server. Such endeavours are of primary importance, as they aid in detecting and eventually dealing with issues that might arise concerning both the server and its hosted applications. By properly examining usual logs, one can gain important understandings into the server's effectiveness, security, and utilisation tendencies. With the aid of suitable methodologies and software, system administrators and developers may enhance the server and applications, enrich user involvement, and verify the seamless operation of the hosting environment. - [Web Hosting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/web-hosting) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) #### Looking for AWS Experts? 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All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/webuzo-log-paths#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/webuzo-log-paths#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/webuzo-log-paths#) ## Backup Management Outsourcing ## Backup Management Outsourcing: How to Choose the Right Support Provider ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fangela_philip_b129632aa5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Angela Philip - 6 min read ![Backup Management Outsourcing: How to Choose the Right Support Provider](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbackup_management_outsourcing_how_to_choose_the_right_support_provider_4a9e06ae15.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Nowadays outsourcing plays a vital role in ensuring the productivity through which enabling managers to focus on business development and disruptive innovation. Both small and big companies are outsourcing their business functions. It is their choice whether to outsource all of their functions or just a handful from them. Regardless of these factors, we need to consider some key factors which will help the firm to choose the right outsourcing option. The main factors that have to be taken care of are as follows:- **1) Cost Efficiency:-** While choosing the outsourcing we need to look after the accuracy of the functions with reduced operational costs. If you skip this feature there will be chances that you will end up spending the money more than what you save. At the same time, you must also keep an eye on the quality of the outsourcing that is you should keep the balance between quality and quantity of the services provided by the outsourcing. Majority of the outsourcing happens to lower the operational costs and labour while improving the bottom line. Most of the companies avoid outsourcing the core activities since the knowledge levels should be found in-house and they don’t want to risk their activities. **2) Price of the Outsourcing:-** Apart from the cost efficiency, we should also have to take a look at the pricing of the outsourcing. You will get several vendors offering the resources at a competitive price. Instead of going for the cheapest one you have to make sure what you are getting from the other outsourcing ones at the same price. Always remember that the price is not always the only factor that helps you on a vendor. **3) The Resources Used:-** We should consider the resources and technologies that are used while choosing an outsource. You should enquire about the tools that are used to solve or use for your project and also how much capability they have to solve your issue. The tools and technologies used must meet your need for outsourcing. We have to check the resources ie., if they are well trained or not. The vendor must at least have an office with systems to update the processes. By giving answers to all these above will give you an appropriate vendor for solving your activities. **4) Capability to Meet the Deadlines:-** The outsourcing that we select should have the ability to meet the deadline that you provide. It has equal importance to that of the costs. If an outsourcing fails to meet the deadline even if all other factors meet it will be of no use in hiring them. So while choosing you must make some queries regarding this like whether they promise quality and timeliness. If you find a vendor which has less quality and timeliness it’s better not to hire them in the first place. **5) Security:-** Security is an important factor since we are giving the details regarding the activities and it should be highly confidential. So the outsourced IT providers must have some package bundles that offer multiple features along with the security. For example, if it involves sharing confidential customer information/data then ensuring the security is important. Also, check for the certificates like ISO certificates before selecting a provider. The least features that should be included are firewall configuration, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), vulnerability patching, incident response etc. An outsourcing must provide these features by default. Make sure that the provider you choose can match the level of security that you prefer. **6) Service Level Agreements:-** Service level agreements are inevitable while choosing an outsourcing provider because this is the level where the service provider outlines the details of your activities or services. This mainly includes an end to end program management and service delivery details. The outsource provider will take a project from you, will assign it to the resources to solve the project and will coordinate each and everything between you and the vendor. SLA’s should include delivery dates, surveys, the effectiveness of the work and availability of the services. **7) Experience in this Field:-** You can see many providers which offer cheap prices but you should also consider experience in this cases. The experience is not on the number of projects completed but completed successfully with minimal or nill errors. You should investigate it properly since we deal with a confidential activity. Assigning a project to a well-established outsourcing provider will be more relaxing since they will be equipped with the latest tools and techniques and highly trained resources. **8) To Know Who is Leading Them:-** You can’t blindly believe the outsourcing team only by the experience alone. In order to become trust-worthy, you should find out all you can including the team members who are working on that activity and the ones who lead them. **9) Configuration Management:-** Managing changes and new requirements is an important thing for a well-reputed outsourcing provider. Depending on the feature and scope of the project the configuration management plays an important role to make all the changes tracked and logged. The end user will request for a change in the project or activity. The provider will analyze the request and will refer how it will make an impact on the service. **10) Ask for References and Work Samples:-** You must always go for client references about the vendors quality, delivery time and turn around time which will help you to get an overview of the outsourcing provider. Always check on the potential challenges that come while entering into a project and ask for the work samples that had done by the providers for a better experience. **11) Reporting:-** Reporting is the one which should be taken care of on a timely basis. You can go for formal reporting which provides a standard set of reports and deliveries. Reports should be delivered as daily, weekly or monthly based on the agreement that you have made. This will help you to know if the work is going through in a fine manner. [**Click here to get the right support provider.**](https://www.supportsages.com/) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fangela_philip_b129632aa5.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Angela Philip Angela Philip [**How to choose a Help Desk Support Provider?**![How to choose a Help Desk Support Provider?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhowto_choosea_helpdesksupport_provider_5f8a3cd278.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-choose-a-help-desk-support-provider) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-choose-a-help-desk-support-provider) [**Top 10 things to be considered before migrating a WordPress site**![Top 10 things to be considered before migrating a WordPress site](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ftop_10_things_to_be_considered_before_wordpress_migration_b0c1d0398b.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/top-10-things-to-be-considered-before-migrating-a-wordpress-site) - [WordPress](https://www.supportsages.com/category/wordpress) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/top-10-things-to-be-considered-before-migrating-a-wordpress-site) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-outsourcing#) ## MySQL InnoDB Recovery ## MySQL (InnoDB) server recovery ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 7 min read ![MySQL (InnoDB) server recovery](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Finnodb_recovery_2e95b74b98.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... InnoDB server rarely crashes. In majority of the cases, the corruption in the db can be fixed by repairing the table alone. Here we are discussing a severe table space corruption in ibdata1, ib\_logfile0,ib\_logfile1  files and the server fails to start even after multiple attempts. I shall try to explain the issue in view of recent issue we have had and the InnoDB recovery process The server was failing to get restarted and the log file showed the following error > 14051412:46:05InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 8.0M > > 14051412:46:05InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool > > InnoDB: Error: tried to read 1048576bytes at offset 02097152. > > InnoDB: Was only able to read 839680. > > InnoDB: Fatal error: cannot read from file. OS error number 17. > > 14051412:46:39InnoDB: Assertion failure in thread 139747413022464in file os/os0file.c line 2314 > > InnoDB: We intentionally generate a memory trap. > > InnoDB: Submit a detailed bug report to http://bugs.mysql.com. > > InnoDB: If you get repeated assertion failures or crashes, even > > InnoDB: immediately after the mysqld startup, there may be > > InnoDB: corruption in the InnoDB tablespace. Please refer to > > InnoDB: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html > > InnoDB: about forcing recovery. > > 09:46:39UTC - mysqld got signal 6; > > This could be because you hit a bug. It is also possible that thisbinary > > or one of the libraries it was linked against is corrupt, improperly built, > > or misconfigured. This error can also be caused by malfunctioning hardware. > > We will tryour best to scrape up some info that will hopefully help > > diagnose the problem, but since we have already crashed, > > something is definitely wrong and this may fail. Now we are sure that some issues exists with the table space and InnoDB recovery needs to be done. Here are the steps for InnoDB recovery:- **Step 1: Start the server in Recovery Mode** The MySQL server instance need to stopped first and restart in recovery mode. The recovery mode can be enabled by adding the line  **innodb\_force\_recovery** in **/etc/my.cnf**. The recovery mode makes the dbs read only. Hence users can’t update, insert or alter the data, but can read the data. So the site would load instead of a MySQL error. Add **innodb\_force\_recovery=1** to your **my.cnf** and check if the server kicks up. If not, you may further increase this number from **1** to **6**, check MySQL [manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/forcing-innodb-recovery.html) to see what the differences are. If the server fails, check the mysql log, there is possibility for a thread race-condition issue. In that case the error log will have entries like the following one > InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start In such case, we need to specify the **innodb\_purge\_threads=0** in your **/etc/my.cnf** file . Levels 1-4 are pretty safe as most data is preserved. Setting the level to 5 or 6 gets a bit more risky as you could lose some data. In my case levels 1-5 did no good and MySQL refused to run.  On force recovery level 6 the MySQL did work and all databases were up and running. My /etc/my.cnf file had the following entries ``` innodb_purge_threads=0 innodb_force_recovery=6 ``` **Step 2: Create the DB dumps** This is the crucial step in the InnoDB recovery process. You need to list the dbs first, for that use the command from the shell ``` echo 'show databases;' | mysql | grep -v ^Database | grep -v information_schema ``` ` ` `` For easy administration, we are redirecting the output to a file. In this I used the file named **“/home/mysql\_recovery/db\_list”** Now the command would look like this ``` echo 'show databases;' | mysql | grep -v ^Database | grep -v information_schema &gt;&gt; /home/mysql_recovery/db_list ``` The next step is to create the data base dumps ``` for i in `cat /home/mysql_recovery/db_list`; do mysqldump $i > /home/mysql_recovery/$i.sql; echo "$i" >> /home/mysql_recovery/Completed_dump.txt; done ``` This script will generate dumps of the dbs as  /home/mysql\_recovery/dbname.sql, the list of completed dbs are available in /home/mysql\_recovery/Completed\_dump.txt . You can use these files for comparison. **Step 2: Remove the corrupted DBs and ibdata files** If you are unable to identify the corrupted db or the corruption occurred at the ibdate file, the dbs need to be deleted as well. The db **“mysql“** is **critical and hence should be preserved**. So you shouldn’t venture to delete it. **Make sure to remove mysql from db\_list file to avoid accidental deletion** Some admins believe that deletion of data directory for the db alone is sufficient. In my experience it can create tracking or follow up issues.  So I prefer to use the mysql command line to achieve this ``` for i in `cat /home/mysql_recovery/db_list`; do mysqladmin drop $i; done ``` Some dbs fails, especially if the file system is corrupted. In such cases delete the corresponding folder and drop the db again ``` cd /var/lib/mysql/ rm -rf dbname mysqladmin drop dbname; ``` Once the dbs are cleared. Stop the server ``` /etc/init.d/mysql stop ``` Once the server is stopped, remove the **ibdata** files to another location ``` cd /var/lib/mysql mv ib* /home/mysql_recovery/ ``` **Step3: Start the server** Remove or comment out  the  **innodb\_force\_recovery** in **/etc/my.cnf** and start the server **.** ``` /etc/init.d/mysql start ``` Check the server log and ensure that everything is working fine. **Step 4: Recreation and restore of DBs** Once the server is up, we need to recreate the dbs and restore them from the backups taken ``` cd /home/mysql_recovery for i in `cat db_list`; do mysqladmin create $i; mysql $i < $i.sql; echo "$i" >>restored.txt ; done ``` Once the restore is complete, check the server logs and ensure that InnoDB recovery is successfull **` `** ` ` - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/innodb-server-recovery#) ## cPanel License Verification ## cPanel: Licence Verification ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffelix_f29fa80708.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Felix - 3 min read ![cPanel: Licence Verification](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_licence_verification_2_3427db3daf.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... ### Preface cPanel is a licensed software and there are occasions when cPanel fails to load due to an invalid licence.Take a look at how the cPanel license check can be done To verify the licence of the cPanel open this link http://verify.cpanel.net/. Enter the main public IP address for a server to check if it has a valid cPanel product license. If the licence is valid. Then it needs to be refreshed. If the licence is valid then login as root to the server and run the following to refresh the license. ``` # /usr/local/cpanel/cpkeyclt ``` If this command errors or you do not see the server contacting cPanel license servers to verify your license, please check that your server is able to contact servers via port 80 (so, check your firewall’s OUTPUT options) and that you have a proper hostname set on your server. cPanel makes the connection to one of the cPanel licensing servers through port 2089. So we should make sure that this port is open. > root@server \[~\]# telnet auth.cpanel.net 2089 > > Trying 198.66.78.9… > > Connected to auth.cpanel.net (198.66.78.9). > > Escape character is ‘^\]’. > > 200 cPanel License Service Version 12.0 Some times on running the cpkeyclt command, you will encounter the error given below ``` Error Messages Updating cPanel license...info [cpkeyclt] /usr/bin/dig failed the usability test ! query failed: query timed out info [cpkeyclt] /usr/local/cpanel/src/3rdparty/perl/perldig failed the usability test! warn [cpkeyclt] No working dig found! Done. Update Failed! Error message: License server hostnames could not be resolved to IP addresses Building global cache for cpanel...Done ``` Please check your resolver file  /etc/resolv.conf has working resolvers. Your server’s main IP should not be listed as a resolver in this file nor should localhost be listed (127.0.0.1) for the nameserver entries for the resolver. You can also test if it was the resolver by running dig google.com. For more info about the error refer the log file /usr/local/cpanel/logs/license\_log. A successful cPanel license verification will display an output as below ``` #/usr/local/cpanel/cpkeyclt Updating cPanel license...Done. Update succeeded. Building global cache for cpanel...Done ``` The below given are some status codes returned cPanel license check **Code-666** 1. License is expired 2. License is suspended 3. hostname must be a FQDN 4. Machine does not qualify for VPS license **Code-500** 1. License is inactive 2. License is invalid 3. License version you are requesting is too old-Update cPanel **Code-600** 1. License has been activated too many times on different machines. Contact Billing for resolution to this! - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffelix_f29fa80708.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Felix Firaz has been in the Web Hosting industry since 2012. He is always fascinated in resolving complicated DNS, cPanel and other Web hosting issues. He loves to help newbies to climb the hill from a fresher to an experienced System admin. Movies and songs are his favourite passtime. [**Conversion of string from lower to upper cases**![Conversion of string from lower to upper cases](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fchanging_case_1bd40e830f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/string-case-conversion) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/string-case-conversion) [**cPanel: Account restore fails - cpmod: CleanPanel**![cPanel: Account restore fails - cpmod: CleanPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_5b6897179f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-account-restore-fails-cpmod-cleanpanel) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-account-restore-fails-cpmod-cleanpanel) [**Direct Admin login failure: “Consider disabling the Folder Usage Count”**![Direct Admin login failure: “Consider disabling the Folder Usage Count”](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdirect_admin_login_failure_consider_disabling_the_folder_usage_count_379dd85e83.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/da-consider-disabling-the-folder-usage-count) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/da-consider-disabling-the-folder-usage-count) [**How to upgrade WHMCS manually - A complete Guide**![How to upgrade WHMCS manually - A complete Guide](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwhmcs_upgrade_2da7150887.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-upgrade-whmcs-a-complete-guide) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-upgrade-whmcs-a-complete-guide) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification#) ## Importance of initrd ## Who cares about initrd? ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fviji_17baef0d39.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Vijesh Vijayan - 6 min read ![Who cares about initrd?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Flinux_initrd_e4252d78f6.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... #### Preface The boot sequence of Linux starts with the BIOS determining the primary boot device (Usually the first disk). Next the grub is displayed and we choose the desired Operating System. Loading of the OS starts next and the kernel is loaded into memory. Following the Kernel, the linux initrd is mounted. After this, control is passed to the kernel. The kernel mounts the partitions and starts the init process. Init takes over and runs the scripts triggering the services needed to bring the system to a full swing. Phew, that was long. In this sequence there is one element which is less noticed, initrd. Why is it is needed at all and why is it loaded just after the mighty kernel? Lets peek into this little known utility. **Initrd in a nutshell** Initrd is the initial ram disk image. As the name suggests it an image file. The Linux kernel consists of selected drivers. However, all the drivers needed for the system to become fully functional cannot be placed within the kernel. This will make the kernel consume more space and complex and the loading of the kernel will be slow. The initrd comes into play here. It is a temporary root file system that is mounted during system boot to support the two-state boot process. It is composed of the necessary executables and specific drivers to access the devices. After the kernel is loaded into memory. The kernel decompresses this image file and mounts it. The init executable present within it (an init different from the one in your /sbin/init ) is run next and the drivers and executables available in the initrd are utilised to mount the root partition. The task of initrd is finished here and the kernel can safely mount the / (root) partition. **Precious initrd** initrd is used primarily to install the disk drivers of RAID, SCSI etc that hold the root partition. Yet another usage is at the time of hibernation when the system will dump the image of memory to the swap. This has to be loaded from the disk back to the memory before the root filesystem is mounted. Some times the partitions are encrypted as in the case of high secure data drives and a specific utility will have to be preloaded to interpret the data in the disk partition, for this, the initrd is preconfigured with the utility to read the data from the device. In the embedded platform, as the memory finger print is quite small, the default file system used in the system will be the initrd, no disk/data is further mounted. In this case the initrd will possess all the binaries and libraries the embedded system will require. **initrd and initramfs** Now, initrd comes in two flavours, the classic initrd and the newer initramfs. initrd is a raw ext2 filesystem containing the necessary utilities whereas initramfs is cpio archieve. Both are additionally compressed with gzip. initrd is no more supported and current distributions (using the 2.6 kernel and onward) come with initramfs as default. To determine if you are having an initrd or initramfs for your distribution, perform the below command on your inirtd file: `gunzip -c /boot/initrd-2.4.17.img.gz | file - /dev/stdin: Linux rev 1.0 ext2 filesystem data` (This is an initrd file, notice the ext2 filesystem) `gunzip -c /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-19-generic | file - /dev/stdin: ASCII cpio archive` (This is an initramfs file, notice the cpio archive) **Anatomy** I will be discussing about initramfs file here on as initrd. The initrd file is present in the /boot/ directory (usually in a different partition). This file is present with the filename format initrd-kernelversion.img like initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img. It is usually a cpio or cpio-gzip compressed archive (determinable with the file command). To observe the content in it, follow the commands below: `mkdir /tmp/initrd_unpack/ cp /boot/initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img /tmp/initrd_unpack/ cd /tmp/initrd_unpack/ file initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img` (to determine if this is a gzip or just a cpio archive) `mv initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img.gz gunzip initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img.gz cpio -idv < initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img` Most of the directories present will be empty except for the lib and the dev. The lib hold the kernel object files (.ko). Each file is a loadable kernel module, this is an added feature of linux 2.6. The dev directory will hold device files. **custom tailored images** There are two commands which can be used to make the initrd images. On debian/ubuntu systems, mkinitramfs can be used. The command to be used is: `mkinitramfs -v -o /tmp/initramfs-$(uname -r)` In redhat based systems, mkinitrd may be used. The command in this case is: `mkinitrd /tmp/initrd-$(uname -r).img $(uname -r)` eg: `mkinitrd /tmp/initrd-2.2.16-3ext3.img 2.2.16-3ext3` The second argument is the directory in /lib/modules/ from which the necessary driver modules are retrieved. recollect that uname -r only provides the kernel version of the currenly loaded kernel, so if the kernel for which the image to be made is different, it has to be specified explicitly. In either of the two commands the image file is created in the tmp directory. The image thus created will have to be moved to /boot and grub will have to be configured to use the new one. For this, edit the line beginning with initrd corresponding to the required kernel (eg: for the kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-24.9, the line is initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.20-24.9.img) to the newer one and you are done. - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fviji_17baef0d39.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Vijesh Vijayan Vijesh is quite enthusiastic in learning new technologies and enjoys sharing it with others. He has great command over various scripting languages like bash, perl, python and is keen in developing scripts for better productivity. He is a gifted singer and amuses the team with his mimicry skills, when there is a leisure moment. [**AIDE to aid your server security needs**![AIDE to aid your server security needs](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/securing-your-server-with-aide) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/securing-your-server-with-aide) [**All about SSL**![All about SSL](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fall_about_ssl_2_8197233c6d.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-about-ssl) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Snippets](https://www.supportsages.com/category/snippets) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/all-about-ssl) [**IFS**![IFS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fifs_2_97cdf054e2.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ifs) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Offers](https://www.supportsages.com/category/offers) - [PostgreSQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/postgresql) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) - [Snippets](https://www.supportsages.com/category/snippets) - [Special Offers](https://www.supportsages.com/category/special-offers) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ifs) [**Load Average and CPU usage in Linux!**![Load Average and CPU usage in Linux!](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-average-and-cpu-usage-in-linux) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Special Offers](https://www.supportsages.com/category/special-offers) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/load-average-and-cpu-usage-in-linux) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/who-cares-about-initrd#) ## Defend Against SSL Stripping ## HSTS - The best way to defend SSL Stripping ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fanitta_j_ca0659fbb1.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Anitta Jose - 4 min read ![HSTS – The best way to defend SSL Stripping](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhsts_the_best_way_to_defend_ssl_stripping_a0e236d501.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... ### What is HSTS? HSTS is a web security policy by which the website inform the browsers that it should never load the site using HTTP but only using HTTPS protocol. This security feature helps the secure HTTPS web servers to be protected against downgrade attacks (also known as **SSL stripping attacks**). ### SSL Stripping Now you may be wondering about what is SSL Stripping. In simple words, SSL Strip is stripping https:// URLs and turning them into http:// URLs. ### How SSL Stripping occurs: An example Suppose that a person ‘A’ log into a free WiFi access point at an airport and start surfing the web. Meanwhile he visited his online banking service to check the balance or to pay a bill. Unfortunately, the access point which he is using is actually a hacker’s laptop (B). Suppose A entered the url www.bank.com/online\_banking, and is waiting for the response from the server (C). Here his browser (A) is connected to the attackers machine(B) hence the Attacker forwards his request and waits for the response from the bank server. Now the connection between B and C becomes secure, which means that all the traffic that is transferred between them (B & C) is through the SSL tunnel. The server responds to this request with the login page that has the following URL: **_https://www.bank.com/online\_banking._** At this stage, the attacker has access to the login page. Next, attacker B modifies the response from the server from https to http and sends it to victim (A), that is URL _**http://www.bank.com/online\_banking**_ is send to victim A. At this point, the victim has access to the internet banking login page with an unsecure connection with the attacker. From this point onwards, all the victim’s requests go out in the Plain text format and the attacker can collect his login credentials and data. The Server thinks it has successfully established the connection, but here the connection is established between the attacker and the server (i.e., between B & C), while the victim (A) also thinks that it is a legitimate connection. The main problem with SSL stripping is that the browser won’t display any SSL Certificate errors and the victims have no clue that such an attack is going on. This attack is also known as **HTTP-downgrading attacks**, where the connection established by the victim’s browser is downgraded from HTTPs to HTTP. ### Proposed Solutions 1\. Enable HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) 2\. Install the HTTPS Everywhere plugin for web browser. This will attempt to make all HTTP requests via TLS first and return to regular HTTP only if it fails. ### Why HSTS was created? When we try to access a site it initially loads http page and is redirected to the https page, but here the user is actually communicating with the non-encrypted version of the site before it is redirected. This gives a way for the man-in-the-middle of attack where the redirect can be used to direct this user to a malicious site instead of the secure version of the required site. A man-in-the-middle attack is an attack where the attacker alters the communication between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other. An example is SSL stripping attack. Once the attacker has successfully redirected a user, user data including cookies, can be compromised. Unfortunately, this attack is outside the scope of pure SSL. This is why HSTS was created. ### How to configure HSTS for your domain? In order to configure HSTS, add the following line in the **.htaccess** file which contains the redirect rule (redirect http to https): ``` Strict-Transport-Security: "max-age=15552000; includeSubDomains; preload" ``` The configurable parameters for HSTS are as follows: | | | | --- | --- | | Parameter | Purpose | | Strict-Transport-Security | Enable HSTS | | max-age | A “time to live” field for the HSTS header. A value of “0” will disable HSTS. | | includeSubDomains | Apply HSTS Policy to subdomains | Here, the max-age value is in seconds. Once a web browser has been to the site once and received the header it will remember that the site should only be accessed over HTTPS for the duration of the max-age value. It is recommended that value of max-age should be 6 months or more. [![Get Dedicated Webhosting Support Team](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2017/01/button-10.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/dedicated-technical-support-team/) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fanitta_j_ca0659fbb1.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Anitta Jose Anitta is systems engineer since 2015 and holds broad experience in Linux, WordPress, and cPanel systems administration. Her interest lies more in Cloud technologies (AWS). From 2016, she writes blogs to share her experiences with wider audience. [**“SED” Options and its usage**![“SED” Options and its usage](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsed_options_and_its_usage_f8237f80c9.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sed-options-and-its-usage) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/sed-options-and-its-usage) [**An Introduction to AWK**![An Introduction to AWK](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fan_introduction_to_awk_920138a7c4.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/an-introduction-to-awk) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/an-introduction-to-awk) [**Configure Disk Quota on Ubuntu Server**![Configure Disk Quota on Ubuntu Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubundu_disk_quota_activation_4a9adbb6be.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-disk-quota-ubuntu-server) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-disk-quota-ubuntu-server) [**How to check whether UDP connection is open or not?**![How to check whether UDP connection is open or not?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_check_whether_udp_connection_is_open_or_not_52a520477c.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/udp-connection) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/defend-ssl-stripping-hsts#) ## Ruby Bundle Install Issues ## Ruby - bundle install fails ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Farnold_pablo_11b2148eae.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Arnold Pablo - 2 min read ![Ruby – bundle install fails](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fruby_bundle_install_fails_2_1ae756bb03.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... While running bundle install, the ruby fails. **\# bundle install** Fetching gem metadata from http://rubygems.org/.Unfortunately, a fatal error has occurred. Please see the Bundler troubleshooting documentation at http://bit.ly/bundler-issues. Thanks! /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb:174:in \`load’: marshal data too short (ArgumentError) from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb:174:in \`fetch\_dependency\_remote\_specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb:132:in \`fetch\_remote\_specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb:70:in \`specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/source.rb:234:in \`block in remote\_specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/source.rb:232:in \`each’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/source.rb:232:in \`remote\_specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/source.rb:165:in \`fetch\_specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/source.rb:70:in \`specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/lazy\_specification.rb:53:in \`\_\_materialize\_\_’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/spec\_set.rb:86:in \`block in materialize’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/spec\_set.rb:83:in \`map!’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/spec\_set.rb:83:in \`materialize’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/definition.rb:127:in \`specs’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/definition.rb:122:in \`resolve\_remotely!’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/installer.rb:48:in \`run’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/installer.rb:12:in \`install’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/cli.rb:220:in \`install’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/task.rb:22:in \`run’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/invocation.rb:118:in \`invoke\_task’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/vendor/thor.rb:263:in \`dispatch’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/lib/bundler/vendor/thor/base.rb:386:in \`start’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/gems/bundler-1.1.5/bin/bundle:13:in \`’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/bin/bundle:19:in \`load’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/bin/bundle:19:in \`
’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/bin/ruby\_noexec\_wrapper:14:in \`eval’ from /usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.3-p194/bin/ruby\_noexec\_wrapper:14:in \`
’ **Solution** This is because the user’s spec files was corrupted. All I had to do was to remove the **.gem** folder found in the home directory of the user and run the bundle install again. [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [iframe](https://disqus.com/embed/comments/?base=default&f=supportsages-1&t_u=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A3000%2Fblog%2Fruby-bundle-install-fails&t_e=Ruby%20%26%238211%3B%20bundle%20install%20fails&t_d=Ruby%20%E2%80%93%20bundle%20install%20fails&t_t=Ruby%20%26%238211%3B%20bundle%20install%20fails&s_o=default#version=89d0561b868ad63ec2711e992e8dc338) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Farnold_pablo_11b2148eae.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Arnold Pablo Technology always fascinated me and continues to do so. I started my career back in 2004 as a Junior System Admin and worked in various capacities both in technical and managerial roles. I love to experiment and try out new OSS projects and in free time, go for cycling to the interiors of God's own country, Kerala! [**500 Internal Server due to low RLimitMem value**![500 Internal Server due to low RLimitMem value](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/500-internal-server-due-to-low-rlimitmem-value) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/500-internal-server-due-to-low-rlimitmem-value) [**Change all user account passwords in a cPanel server**![Change all user account passwords in a cPanel server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fshell_scripting_compressor_2bd02b20bd.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/change-all-user-account-passwords-in-a-cpanel-server) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Snippets](https://www.supportsages.com/category/snippets) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/change-all-user-account-passwords-in-a-cpanel-server) [**cPanel, postgresql and a default database issue with 8.4.x versions of postgres**![cPanel, postgresql and a default database issue with 8.4.x versions of postgres](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-postgresql-and-a-default-database-issues-with-8-4-x-versions-of-postgres) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [PostgreSQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/postgresql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-postgresql-and-a-default-database-issues-with-8-4-x-versions-of-postgres) [**CRITICAL : Serious kernel bug!!! Root privilege escalation**![CRITICAL : Serious kernel bug!!! Root privilege escalation](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/critical-serious-kernel-bug-root-privilege-escalation) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/critical-serious-kernel-bug-root-privilege-escalation) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ruby-bundle-install-fails#) ## Azure VMSS Alert Setup ## Azure VmScaleset Alert Configuration ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvinayan_cv_a4a31c7670.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Vinayan C V - 7 min read ![Azure VmScaleset Alert Configuration](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fazure_vmscaleset_alert_configuration_fad961006c.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... As workloads increase or decrease, Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets (VMSS), a feature of Microsoft Azure, let you install and manage a group of similar virtual machines, often known as instances. The number of instances is automatically scaled by VMSS depending on established criteria and conditions, ensuring that the application can effectively handle fluctuations in demand. Setting up alerts in Azure VM Scale Sets: You can set up monitoring and alerts to guarantee the best performance and availability of your application operating on a VM Scale Set. You can set up alerts based on particular measurements and circumstances using Azure’s monitoring tool, Azure Monitor. Prerequisites:- - Our role in Azure should have write access to the VMs, so that we can enable Insights in Monitoring and get the Performance status. First, we have to go to the scaleset where we want to enable monitoring insights. We can enable Insights from Monitoring >> Insights. - After enabling Insights, we need to configure alert rules, for that Monitoring >> Alerts >> Create. ![testing](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2023/08/supportsagesblogimage1.png) First we need to create Action Groups before creating Alerts. For that got to Alerts >> Create >> Action group ( we can create Action groups while creating Alert rule ). # **Create Action Group** While creating action group, we have to specify the Subscription, resource group and Region of the Action group. Once we fill this fields we can give a name to the action group. ![testing1](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2023/08/supportsagesblogimage2.png) Then we can move on to **Notifications,** from there we can choose 2 types of notifications **_Email / SMS Message / Push / Voice_** and **_Email Azure Management Role_**. We can go with Email notification type and then we can enter the email address to where we need to push the mail. Then select what type of action that need to be initiate once the Action group trigger. There are different types of actions: ![testing2](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2023/08/supportsagesblogimage3.png) For pushing notifications to teams we can select the action type as **Webhook**, once we select it we can enter a name and add the URL which we are generated from the teams channel. Then we can add tags if we want. Once Action group is created we can test it by using the option **Test action group**, if the action group configured correctly it will send test alert to email and teams as well. Once the test alert succeeded we can create Alert rule using the newly created Action group. # **Creating Alert rule** From Monitoring >> Alerts >> Create >> Alert rule. Select for what kind of resource we are setting alert. Here we are selecting **Percentage CPU,** a space will appear to specify the condition when we need to trigger the alert. We need to specify our requirement in it. ![testing4](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2023/08/supportsagesblogimage4.png) After specifying this, go to the next field **Actions**, here we can either create a new action group or select an existing action group. Since we have already created action group we can go with that one. After selecting the action group, in the field **Details** specify the Resource group, Alert rule name and its description. That’s all we have completed the setup. We can check the working by selecting the Action group which we have assigned to our Alert rule, there will be an edit option. Click on the edit option, it will open a new console where you can test it by clicking on the **Test action group** option in the top. ![testing5](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2023/08/supportsagesblogimage5.png) Before clicking on the Test option we need to specify a sample alert template in the **Select sample type** field. - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fvinayan_cv_a4a31c7670.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Vinayan C V Vinayan C V [**Amazon ECS Exec to access your containers on AWS Fargate Skip to end of metadata**![Amazon ECS Exec to access your containers on AWS Fargate Skip to end of metadata](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Famazon_ecs_exec_to_access_your_containers_on_aws_fargate_67f295ae18.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/amazon-ecs-exec-to-access-your-containers-on-aws-fargate-skip-to-end-of-metadata) - [AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/aws) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/amazon-ecs-exec-to-access-your-containers-on-aws-fargate-skip-to-end-of-metadata) [**Amazon SES Suppression List**![Amazon SES Suppression List](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Famazon_ses_suppression_list_b978d8ca3b.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/amazon-ses-suppression-list) - [AWS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/aws) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/amazon-ses-suppression-list) [**EC2 Status check and restart using SSM runbook**![EC2 Status check and restart using SSM runbook](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fec2_status_check_and_restart_using_ssm_runbook_5_ed29de15e0.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ec2-status-check-and-restart-using-ssm-runbook) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/ec2-status-check-and-restart-using-ssm-runbook) [**Employee Engagement Activities. How Employee Engagement Activities Benefit the Organization?**![Employee Engagement Activities. How Employee Engagement Activities Benefit the Organization?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Femployee_activities_d2246e6bfa.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-employee-engagement-activities-benefit-the-organization) - [Employee Engagements](https://www.supportsages.com/category/employee-engagements) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-employee-engagement-activities-benefit-the-organization) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/azure-vmscaleset-alert-configuration#) ## MySQL Password Reset ## MySQL: Root password reset ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### George K. - 3 min read ![MySQL: Root password reset](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmysql_root_password_reset_2_d92465dab4.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Have you ever for­got­ten the root pass­word on one of our clients MySQL servers? No worries, please follow these five steps to do the MySQL root password reset. 1\. Log in as root and stop the mysql daemon. Now lets start up the mysql daemon and skip the grant tables which store the passwords. ``` service mysqld stop ``` > Or ``` /etc/init.d/mysqld stop ``` Please note that instead of the **_mysqld_** service name, it can be _**mysql**_ or _**mysql-server**_ or even _**mysqld-server**_ or even anything else. But I guess you got the trick, just check the /etc/init.d and apply some common sense. 2\. Now let’s start the mysql server manually without permission tables (skip the grant tables which store the passwords) which allows us to login as root user without password, using the following command ``` mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &amp; ``` You should see mysqld start up successfully, like the message below, > 130122 07:08:56 mysqld\_safe Logging to ‘/var/log/mysqld.log’. > > 130122 07:08:56 mysqld\_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql If not, well you have bigger issues. Please see the messages below. The last line says, it was started but it was stopped as well. But you will have the reason of that abrupt stoppages in the log file mentioned there, /var/log/mysqld.log > 130122 07:06:46 mysqld\_safe Logging to ‘/var/log/mysqld.log’. > > 130122 07:06:46 mysqld\_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql > > 130122 07:06:47 mysqld\_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid ended 3\. However if it did startup successfully, you should now be able to connect to mysql without a password. > **mysql -user=root mysql** 4\. Finally reset the password from the mysql’s users table, flush privileges, and then exit the MySQL console using the following commands. Please note that ‘ _yourchoicepassword’_ means a password of your choice. ``` mysql&gt; UPDATE user SET password=PASSWORD('yourchoicepassword') WHERE user='root'; mysql &gt; flush privileges; mysql &gt; exit; ``` 5\. Now kill your running mysqld, then restart it normally. You should be good to go. Try not to forget your password again. You may enter the password in /root/.my.cnf in case you want to connect to the MySQL server without it asking any password. ``` /etc/init.d/mysqld stop /etc/init.d/mysqld start ``` [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fgeorge_k_44b4b41372.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by George K. George started his career in web hosting and Linux technical support in the year 2004 and is with SupportSages since 2009. He has keen interest in server optimizations, custom security solutions, hacked server recovery, cyber forensic and high availability fail over system design and implementation. George loves long drives and is passionate about art and literature. [**.htaccess based mod\_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?**![.htaccess based mod_rewrite not working with Godaddy ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtaccess_mod_rewrite_not_working_771ca51369.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/htaccess-based-mod_rewrite-not-working-with-godaddy) [**/proc explained**![/proc explained](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fproc_explained_2_5b627880b8.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/proc-explained) [**A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)**![A story of Ubuntu - I am what I am because of who we all are :)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fubuntu_story_e596ee5c45.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/a-story-of-ubuntu-i-am-what-i-am-because-of-who-we-all-are) [**Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.**![Account Creation: Sorry, a mysql user with the name x already exists.](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_cpanel_accountcreation_mysql_user_alreadyexist_b963e94404.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) - [MySQL](https://www.supportsages.com/category/mysql) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/account-creation-sorry-a-mysql-user-with-the-name-x-already-exists) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/mysql-root-password-reset#) ## Temporary URL Fix ## Temporary Url not working with FastCGI ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffelix_f29fa80708.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Felix - 1 min read ![Temporary Url not working with FastCGI](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ftemporary_url_not_working_with_fastcgi_366cd793be.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Sometimes you may come across the issue that the temporary URL not working for the PHP file. On servers running  FastCGI as PHP handler, it is not possible to run PHP files via temporary url such as _http://SERVER\_IP/~username/index.php_. But you will be able to view HTML files. Before you proceed make sure the web hosting company allows the use of temporary url. You can follow the below steps for working this around: 1.   In the user’s **public\_html/cgi-bin** directory, create a file called **php5.fcgi** and give it permissions 755, and add the following content : ``` #!/bin/sh export PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN=1 export PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS=10 exec /usr/local/cpanel/cgi-sys/php5 ``` 2. Then add the following lines to the .htaccess file in user’s public\_html/ directory : ``` AddHandler php5-fastcgi .php Action php5-fastcgi /cgi-bin/php5.fcg ``` [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffelix_f29fa80708.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Felix Firaz has been in the Web Hosting industry since 2012. He is always fascinated in resolving complicated DNS, cPanel and other Web hosting issues. He loves to help newbies to climb the hill from a fresher to an experienced System admin. Movies and songs are his favourite passtime. [**Conversion of string from lower to upper cases**![Conversion of string from lower to upper cases](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fchanging_case_1bd40e830f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/string-case-conversion) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/string-case-conversion) [**cPanel: Account restore fails - cpmod: CleanPanel**![cPanel: Account restore fails - cpmod: CleanPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_account_restore_5b6897179f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-account-restore-fails-cpmod-cleanpanel) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-account-restore-fails-cpmod-cleanpanel) [**cPanel: Licence Verification**![cPanel: Licence Verification](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcpanel_licence_verification_2_3427db3daf.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/cpanel-licence-verification) [**Direct Admin login failure: “Consider disabling the Folder Usage Count”**![Direct Admin login failure: “Consider disabling the Folder Usage Count”](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdirect_admin_login_failure_consider_disabling_the_folder_usage_count_379dd85e83.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/da-consider-disabling-the-folder-usage-count) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/da-consider-disabling-the-folder-usage-count) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/temporary-url-not-working#) ## GeoIP Installation Guide ## GeoIP and mod\_geoip Installation on cPanel server ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Farun_kumar_a0d7873fc8.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Arun Kumar - 6 min read ![GeoIP and mod_geoip Installation on cPanel server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Finstall_geoip_38d4a87353.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... ### GeoIP The GeoIP extension allows you to find the location of an IP address. City, State, Country, Longitude, Latitude, and other information as all, such as ISP and connection type can be obtained with the help of GeoIP.Here we are providing the steps to install GeoIP and mod\_geoip on a cPanel server ## Installation Steps For install GeoIP as an APache module, You need to install the dependencies first. ``` #yum install GeoIP GeoIP-devel GeoIP-data zlib-devel ``` Create a custom installation directory, from which you are going to install the mod\_geoip2 package. ``` mkdir /usr/local/share/GeoIP ``` In the directory, download the latest Country and City database files from maxmind. ``` wget http://geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCountry/GeoIP.dat.gz wget http://geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCity.dat.gz ``` The files downloaded are GeoIP.dat.gz and GeoLiteCity.dat.gz. These files needed to be expanded or extracted as they are compressed for easy downloading. I used the below mentioned command for the same. ``` gunzip GeoIP.dat.gz gunzip GeoLiteCity.dat.gz ``` For installing mod\_geoip2, the dependencies **httpd-devel** and **apr-devel** needed to be installed. _The httpd-devel package contains the APXS (Apache Extension Tool) binary and other files that you need to build Dynamic Shared Objects (DSOs) for the Apache HTTP Server. If you are installing the Apache HTTP server and you want to be able to compile or develop additional modules for Apache, you need to install this package._ _The apr-devel package provides the support files which can be used to build applications using the APR library. The mission of the Apache Portable Runtime (APR) is to provide a free library of C data structures and routines._ For installing the said dependencies, I used the following command : ``` yum install httpd-devel apr-devel ``` Since we have installed all the dependencies, lets proceed to the installation of the apache module **mod\_geoip**. For the same, we need to download the Package first. ``` wget http://www.filewatcher.com/m/mod_geoip2_1.2.5.tar.gz.11602-0.html ``` Extract the downloaded package. ``` tar xvzf mod_geoip2_1.2.5.tar.gz && cd mod_geoip2_1.2.5 ``` _**apxs** is a tool for building and installing extension modules for the Apache web server. This is achieved by building a dynamic shared object (DSO) from one or more source or object files which then can be loaded into the Apache server under runtime via the LoadModule directive from mod\_so._ I’ve used apxs command for building and installing the extension module mod\_geoip. You can refer the [link](http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/programs/apxs.html) for the successful execution of the command. ``` apxs -i -a -L/usr/lib64 -I/usr/include -lGeoIP -c mod_geoip.c ``` Now we have to enable mod-geoip in your apache configuration. Otherwise it is not going to work. You’ll need the following lines in your httpd.conf file ( **/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf)**. ``` GeoIPEnable On GeoIPDBFile /usr/local/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat Standard GeoIPDBFile /usr/local/share/GeoIP/GeoLiteCity.dat Standard ``` Restart Apache so your changes will take effect by entering the following command. ``` /etc/init.d/httpd restart ``` You can check whether the installation is complete and the module mod\_geoip is enabled or not just by creating a php info page. [![geoip.png](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/geoip.png.jpeg)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2014/07/geoip.png.jpeg) **Installation with WHM/cPanel** After downloading the  GeoIP database, Download and install custom mod\_geoip module for cPanel. The downloads are available in the webpage [https://documentation.cpanel.net/display/EA/Custom+Modules](https://documentation.cpanel.net/display/EA/Custom+Modules) ``` #wget https://documentation.cpanel.net/download/attachments/2326651/custom_opt_mod-mod_geoip.tar.gz # tar -C /var/cpanel/easy/apache/custom_opt_mods -xzf custom_opt_mod-mod_geoip.tar.gz ``` **Rebuild Apache via EasyApache**Now that we have installed the GeoIP database and all the modules required to run mod\_geoip with Apache and cPanel, we will need to rebuild Apache in WHM. \[ **WHM -> Software -> EasyApache (Apache Update) -> Start customizing based on profile ->**\ \ Check ‘Mod GeoIP‘ option (on Short / Exhaustive Options List page)\ \ **-\> Save and Build**\ \ **Load and enable mod\_geoip**\ \ After Apache has been rebuilt with mod\_geoip, we will need to load and enable the module every time Apache runs. First, in WHM, go to:\ \ **WHM -> Service Configuration -> Apache Configuration -> Include Editor -> Pre Main Include ->**\ \ Select the current Apache version\ \ Enter the following codes into the textbox:\ \ ```\ LoadModule geoip_module /usr/local/apache/modules/mod_geoip.so\ \ GeoIPEnable On GeoIPDBFile /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat MemoryCache\ \ ```\ \ Ah.. Finally the job is done. HURRAY\ \ **References:**\ \ [http://php.net/manual/en/intro.geoip.php](http://php.net/manual/en/intro.geoip.php) [http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/programs/apxs.html](http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/programs/apxs.html)\ \ - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache)\ - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel)\ - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system)\ \ #### Looking for AWS Experts?\ \ We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs.\ \ close\ \ ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Farun_kumar_a0d7873fc8.png&w=256&q=75)\ \ ##### Posts by Arun Kumar\ \ Arun Kumar\ \ ### About+\ \ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider)\ - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications)\ - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss)\ - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events)\ - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages)\ - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers)\ - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog)\ \ ### Hire a service+\ \ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated)\ - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated)\ - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer)\ - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based)\ - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support)\ \ ### Tech Stack+\ \ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#)\ \ ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg)\ \ ## SupportSages\ \ * * *\ \ Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved.\ \ [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/geoip-and-mod_geoip-installation#) ## Domain Name Resolution ## Domain Name Resolution Process ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fnavesh_fbc94dfcac.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Navesh M N - 10 min read ![Domain Name Resolution Process](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fdomain_name_resolution_process_2_73fd577198.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Every computer on the Internet, be it a web server, home computer or any other network device has a unique IP address allotted to it. With millions of websites on the Internet, it is impossible for people to remember the IP address of every website in order to access it. Therefore, the concept of domain name was introduced so that every website can be identified by its unique name which makes it easy for people to remember. The **DNS** is considered as the most essential service in the case of a website. Its failure affects website access, Mail, MySQL service etc.. So understanding the DNS is essential to work as a Sysadmin. What is Domain Name Resolution Process? Simple, The process of resolving IP address from domain name is called as DNS resolution. But there is misconception that DNS resolution happensly only on networked systems such as internet.  But it is not true,   For eg. if you are configuring “localhost” as the db host, How does the system knows the IP to which it needs to be communicated? After all it can only transfer data to an IP. Same is the case with node which are accessed using hostnames. It means that the operating system should possess a system to perform name resolution even in the absence of a DNS system. So let us see how name resolution happens from the initial point. **System  Resolver** System resolver is the generic resolver library available to all applications installed on the machine. The Operating system uses system resolver to seek out the answer for DNS queries. An application invokes the stub or system resolver as function call. The resolver functions read configuration files when they are invoked. From these configuration files, they determine what databases to query, in which order, and other details relevant to your environment. In general, system resolvers are usually considered as **stub resolvers** as they are not capable of much complex operations beyond searching a few static files on the system and has to forward the requests to another resolver. The master configuration file for the system resolver is /etc/nsswitch.conf. However some older version of Linux still uses /etc/hosts.conf. The stub resolver reads the file _/etc/nsswitch.conf_ to determine the order for the query operations. Below is the configuration of my nsswitch file ``` ~$ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf | grep hosts hosts: files dns ``` Here the system uses the system files first and if it fails the query will be forwarded to the DNS server. **DNS Resolver** When the resolver library makes an attempt to reach the DNS server for resolution, it should know the DNS server it can use. The external DNS servers are specified in the configuration file /etc/resolv.conf. If this file does not exist or is empty, the resolver assumes that your local host itself is acting as a name server. Below are the /etc/resolv.conf entries for my server ``` $ cat /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 8.8.8.8 nameserver 4.4.4.4 ``` Since the name servers need to be highly dependable I am using Google IPs here. In majority cases your local ISP details will be added here. You can use your own DNS servers as well. Now let us see how the system of DNS resolution works for a domain access? Consider that we want to resolve www.abc.com. Let it be the web server of the domain abc.com (a separate host machine) and a website hosted on it. Also, consider that it has [ftp.abc.com](ftp://ftp.abc.com/) as its FTP server and many others. You are accessing the website by typing the domain name http://www.abc.com. The web browser invokes system resolver libraries and functions such as _gethostbyname_ and _gethostbyaddr._ If the IP of abc.com is not available in the system files such as /etc/hosts, then the query needs to be forwarded for the DNS servers specified in the file /etc/resolv.conf. When the resolver query reaches our NS there are 3 possibilities to consider: #### **(i) Information about the particular domain is already cached** Consider that another machine using the same NS as ours had queried for www.abc.com and resolved successfully to an IP. Since ours is caching NS it will cache (store) the IP of both the domain and the NameServer which contained the ‘A’ record for www.abc.com (this is called the Authoritative NS for the domain abc.com). So next time when any other machine queries this NS for www.abc.com, it will directly take the IP from the cache and display the website. So caching helps to reduce the load on other DNS servers to a high extent since DNS queries do not go beyond the caching NS. **(ii) No ‘A’ record information in the cache** If the caching server does not find the answer to a query in its cache, it has to find another DNS server that does have the answer. In our example, it will look for a server that has answers for all names that end in ‘abc.com’. In DNS terminology such a server is said to be “Authoritative” for the “domain” ‘abc.com'(as I have mentioned earlier). In many cases, our caching server already knows the address of the authoritative server for ‘abc.com’. If someone using the same caching server has recently surfed to ‘ftp.abc.com’, the caching server needed to find the authoritative server for ‘abc.com’ at that time and, being a caching server, naturally it cached the address of the Authoritative server. So it will directly contact this NS and get the A record (IP) for ww.abc.com **(iii) The NS cache is completely empty** This is the situation when the NS has just been set up and the cache is completely empty, Consequently it neither knows the answer to your query nor does it know where the authoritative servers for ‘abc.com’ are. However it does know that it is possible to ask questions for ‘abc.com’ to an authoritative server for ‘com’. As per the DNS protocol : “In case authoritative servers for a name are not known, strip off the leftmost part of the name including the first dot and send the original query to an authoritative server for that name”. One main point to note: In our example an authoritative server for ‘com’ does not know the answer to a query about ‘www.abc.com’, because the ‘abc.com’ servers hold that information, but it does know which servers are authoritative for ‘abc.com’ queries. So instead of an answer to the query, the ‘com’ server will answer with the list of authoritative servers for ‘abc.com’, a referral in DNS terminology. Then the authoritative servers for ‘abc.com’ will give the IP for ‘www.abc.com’ or ‘ftp.abc.com’. In addition, being a caching server, it will cache both the answer and the list of authoritative servers for ‘abc.com’ for further use. But hold on, we assumed the cache was empty in the first place, so how does our caching server know where the authoritative servers for ‘com’ are? In other words what happens once we have stripped off all parts of a domain name and still do not know where to go for an answer? For this case there is a special set of authoritative servers, the DNS root servers or simply ‘Root Servers’. They know the addresses of all authoritative servers for names that do not have a dot in them, the Top Level Domains (TLDs) such as ‘org’, ‘com’, ‘ch’, ‘uk’. Root servers are the only DNS servers that have to be found without any other information being cached. To solve this all servers in the Internet’s name space acting as a NS will have a pre-configured list of numeric addresses for all root servers. This list is embedded with the NS software (BIND etc.). When starting up, a caching server will send queries for the current list of root servers to each of these addresses in turn until it obtains an answer. Once it has obtained the current list, it knows where to send queries for names without dots. **So here is what happens:** When a caching server that just started receives a query for the address of ‘www.abc.com’. After it started, the server obtained a list of root servers and their addresses. When the query arrives it will not find the answer for ‘www.abc.com’ in the cache, nor will it find the address of an authoritative server for ‘abc.com’, neither the address of an authoritative server for ‘com’. Having no other choice it will then ask a root server for the address of  ‘www.abc.com’. The root server are authoritative for TLDs i.e. they have the answers for the list of Authoritative NS of the TLDs. So when our query for ‘www.abc.com’ reaches the root servers it will strip off the part for which it is not authoritative. So ‘www.abc’ will be stripped off. The remaining part of the name is ‘.com’ and it is authoritative for that. So it will answer with a referral containing the list of all authoritative servers for ‘.com’ TLD. This list of NS for ‘.com’ domain will have the list of NS for all the SLDs under ‘.com’. Our caching server will then send its query for ‘www.abc.com'(please note: always it sends a FQDN) to one of them and they will strip off ‘www’ and we will get another referral with the list of all authoritative servers for ‘abc.com’. When sending the query to one of them it will get the answer (IP of www.abc.com). All this typically happens in less than a second. From here onwards the caching server can answer the same query again and again from the cache without asking another server. It can also send any query for ‘ftp.abc.com’ or ‘ _something._ abc.com’ directly to an ‘abc.com’ server and send any question for another name ending in ‘.com’ directly to a servers authoritative for ‘.com’.Only when the next query ends in something different from ‘.com’ does it have to ask a root server again. Quickly the cache will contain lists of authoritative servers for all popular domains, especially for all popular TLDs; usually our caching server will not have to query for this information again for several days. This design ensures that only a tiny fraction of all queries will have to be processed by the root servers or by authoritative servers for TLDs. Below is a pictorial representation of the domain name resolution process: [![](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2010/05/query-pic1.png)](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2010/05/query-pic1.png) So this is the domain name resolution process. I hope you have gained a basic understanding. _**Note**_ _: Please note that when a query goes to any NS including the root servers,_ _the FQDN-Fully Qualified Domain Name is sent, i.e we query the_ _root servers for the Authoritative NS for ‘com’ TLD. For that, the resolver does not particularly send ‘com’ in it’s query. It sends the complete domain name for which it needs the IP. www.abc.com is a FQDN but abc.com is not. A FQDN is the complete name containing the hostname, domain name and TLD. It is then the duty of the particular NS to strip off the part of the domain name for which it is not authoritative and then provide the answer to the query for the part for which it is authoritative._ [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fnavesh_fbc94dfcac.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Navesh M N Navesh is working as a sysadmin at SupportSages. He also contributing his SEO knowledge in business development. Apart from this, he is a keen observer of National and International politics. He is also a die-hard football fan. [**Anatomy of Root Name Servers and Domain Names**![Anatomy of Root Name Servers and Domain Names](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fanatomy_of_root_name_servers_and_domain_names_473dd47e4b.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-are-root-name-servers) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/what-are-root-name-servers) [**How To Configure CSF To Prevent DDoS Attacks**![How To Configure CSF To Prevent DDoS Attacks](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fconfigure_csf_to_prevent_ddos_attacks_8f37f20919.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-csf-prevent-ddos-attacks) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/configure-csf-prevent-ddos-attacks) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/domain-name-resolution-process#) ## Linux Commands for Ports ## To check which all ports are listening (Introducing Four Linux Commands) ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fruben_roy_f960be5e46.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Ruben Roy - 5 min read ![To check which all ports are listening (Introducing Four Linux Commands)](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fto_check_which_all_ports_are_listening_dcbed5a267.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... A port is an addressable network location implemented in an operating system to help differentiate traffic destined for different services or Applications. The state of a port is either open, filtered, closed, or unfiltered. A port is said to be open if an application on the target machine is listening for connections/packets on that port. In this blog, I will explain four ways to check open ports and also will show you how to find which application is listening on what port in Linux. **1\. Using Netstat Command** Netstat is a widely used tool for querying information about the Linux networking subsystem. You can use it to print all open ports like this: ``` $ sudo netstat -ltup ``` The flag -l tells netstat to print all listening sockets, -t shows all TCP connections, -u displays all UDP connections and -p enables printing of application/program name listening on the port. Please see the example given below. ``` sudo netstat -ltup Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN 737/cupsd tcp 0 0 *:43615 *:* LISTEN - tcp6 0 0 ip6-localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN 737/cupsd tcp6 0 0 [::]:41979 [::]:* LISTEN - udp 0 0 *:42720 *:* 2045/openvpn udp 0 0 *:59161 *:* 735/avahi-daemon: r udp 0 0 *:56671 *:* 4671/openvpn udp 0 0 *:ipp *:* 803/cups-browsed udp 0 0 *:mdns *:* 735/avahi-daemon: r udp6 0 0 [::]:39097 [::]:* 735/avahi-daemon: r udp6 0 0 [::]:mdns [::]:* ``` To print numeric values rather than service names, add the -n flag. ``` sudo netstat -lntup ``` You can also use grep command to find out which application is listening on a particular port, for example. ``` $ sudo netstat -lntup | grep "tcp" ``` You can check the sample output as snippet added below. ``` netstat -lntup | grep "tcp" tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 737/cupsd tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:43615 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 737/cupsd tcp6 0 0 :::41979 :::* LISTEN ``` **2\. Using ss Command** ss is another useful tool for displaying information about sockets. It’s output looks similar to that of netstat. The following command will show all listening ports for TCP and UDP connections in numeric value. The flag -l tells ss to print all listening sockets, -t shows all TCP connections and -u displays all UDP connections listening on the port. Please see the example given below. ``` $ sudo ss -lntu ``` Please see the sample outcome added below. ``` ss -lntu Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port udp UNCONN 0 0 *:42720 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:59161 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:56671 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:631 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 *:5353 *:* udp UNCONN 0 0 :::39097 :::* udp UNCONN 0 0 :::5353 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 5 127.0.0.1:631 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 64 *:43615 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 5 ::1:631 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 64 :::41979 :::* ``` **3\. Using Nmap Command** Nmap is a powerful and popular network exploration tool and port scanner. To install nmap on your system, use your default package manager as shown. ``` $ sudo apt install nmap [On Debian/Ubuntu] $ sudo yum install nmap [On CentOS/RHEL] ``` We can run below command to check the outcome by adding requires options. ``` sudo nmap -n -PN -sT -sU -p- localhost ``` -PN Scan a host when protected by the firewall -sP Scan a network and find out which servers and devices are up and running -sU Scan a host for UDP services (UDP scan) -p Enables printing of application/program name listening on the port. To print numeric values rather than service names, add the -n flag. **4\. Using lsof Command** The final tool we will cover for querying open ports is lsof command, which is used to list open files in Linux. Since everything is a file in Unix/Linux, an open file may be a stream or a network file. To list all Internet and network files, use the -i option. Note that this command shows a mix of service names and numeric ports. ``` $ sudo lsof -i ``` The outcome of the command is added below. ``` dbus-daem 748 messagebus 8u IPv4 20706 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57600->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) NetworkMa 792 root 17u IPv4 25402 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57634->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) accounts- 795 root 10u IPv4 19123 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57604->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) cups-brow 803 root 8u IPv4 18158 0t0 UDP *:ipp polkitd 884 root 11u IPv4 26090 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57632->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) lightdm 1038 root 15u IPv4 25858 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57622->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) nscd 1047 root 18u IPv4 23726 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57606->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) lightdm 1377 root 3u IPv4 24167 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57618->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) (sd-pam 1387 jackson 7u IPv4 24206 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:57624->192.168.1.252:ldap (ESTABLISHED) openvpn 2045 root 3u IPv4 29857 0t0 UDP *:42720 firefox 2836 jackson 46u IPv4 304017 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:56490->172.217.194.189:https (ESTABLISHED) firefox 2836 jackson 59u IPv4 362263 0t0 TCP 192.168.1.27:47012->192.168.1.253:http (ESTABLISHED) ``` To find which application is listening on a particular port, run lsof in this form. ``` $ sudo lsof -i :80 ``` To list all Internet and network files, use the -i option. -i ignore the case of letters -c disables the reporting of any path name components from the kernel’s name cache. -p For selecting process ID Conclusion Paying attention to which ports are listening on your network is important as open ports can be evidence of an intrusion on your network. Knowledge of the Linux open ports and the kind of information being sent out helps you to check malicious efforts aimed at your system. Knowing this is an important part of securing your system. [![security audit](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/07/sec.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-security-audit/) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fruben_roy_f960be5e46.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Ruben Roy Ruben Roy [**Applying Kernel Patch Without Rebooting**![Applying Kernel Patch Without Rebooting](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fapplying_kernel_patch_without_rebooting_0a639e1c98.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/applying-kernel-patch-without-rebooting) - [Server Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server-monitoring) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/applying-kernel-patch-without-rebooting) [**Best practices to reduce customer complaints in shared hosting support**![Best practices to reduce customer complaints in shared hosting support](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbest_practices_to_reduce_customer_complaints_in_shared_hosting_support_8426e76d54.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-complaints-shared-hosting) - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/customer-complaints-shared-hosting) [**Monitor changes made to a file using auditd**![Monitor changes made to a file using auditd](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmonitor_changes_made_to_a_file_using_auditd_e474f9b2d9.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/monitor-changes-made-to-a-file-using-auditd) - [Security](https://www.supportsages.com/category/security) - [Server Monitoring](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server-monitoring) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/monitor-changes-made-to-a-file-using-auditd) [**Why should you think of outsourcing backup management?**![Why should you think of outsourcing backup management?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fwhy_should_you_think_of_outsourcing_backup_management_acfc499f33.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/backup-management-2) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/introducing-four-linux-commands#) ## AWS Infrastructure Automation ## Automating AWS Infrastructure and services ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Smith Nevil - 4 min read ![Automating AWS Infrastructure and services](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fautomating_aws_infrastructure_and_services_f5485fcd00.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Infrastructure as a code is not something which I imagined when I started my career back in 2003. IT infrastructure has moved from hardware to software, slowly but surely. Usually, DevOps automation applies to the CI/CD source code pipelines. But infrastructure as a code has unveiled a huge and lots of scope in terms of automating the infrastructure deployments as well. We are taking this opportunity to discuss the same with reference to Amazon Web Services. Itʼs not that we are ignoring other providers, it is just that 90% of our expertise in this field is acquired on AWS infrastructure. #1\. AWS service configuration as a code #2\. Deployment pipeline includes one or more steps below #3\. Test runners to automate the code testing (e.g.: Junit, Nunit, Cucumber) #4\. Build source code (e.g.: Maven) #### **What is the difference between CI (Continuous Integration) and CD (Continuous Delivery)?** CI is building your code and running all tests on every code commit. We start by making a change to the code, unit tests are done on the new codes and once they pass successfully, its merged to the codebase. Using this method is convenient for any reasons, any broken codes can be identified before they reach the codebase and the errors can be identified at the very initial stage. ![aws](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/12/aws-1.png) CD is CI + having the ability to deploy your continuously integrated code to a production environment in a fully automated fashion. ![aws](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/12/aws-2.png) #### **Benefits of CD** Automate Software release process and deliver updates faster Improve developer productivity and Improve code quality. #### **The general pattern for CI/CD pipelines** **Step 1** : Source where developer commit changes. Source Control Systems like VSTS and TFS for Microsoft projects from Microsoft itself and Github, subversion etc for Open Source projects. Database Schema management is also a part of Continuous delivery where the database schema is also versioned and checked in properly to the source control systems. Either you have to change the database schema first or the last depending on the granularity of your system. Sometimes you need to make the additions to your database schema before you start deployment and deletions in your database schema after the successful deployment. Database schema management is a painful process and would often cause issues if not done properly. **Step 2** : Build where changes are built and run unit tests (e.g.: Grunt for Node.js, TDD/mocha, and BDD/chai) **Step 3** : Staging where the code is deployed and tested (there could be various staging levels where there are different testing also involved like integration tests, load test etc) **Step 4** : Production where the code is deployed to public servers AWS Pipeline for Continuous Deployment Application code / Infrastructure Code => SourceControl (CodeCommit) => Build (CodeBuild) => Staging (CodeDeploy / CloudFormation) => Production (CodeDeploy / CloudFormation) Deployment types Method -> Deploy in place, Rolling, Rolling with additional batch, Immutable, Blue/Green **All at once/Deploy in place**: The application on each instance in the deployment group is stopped, the latest application revision is installed, and the new version of the application is started and validated. **Rolling**: A single batch is moved out of service and is upgraded to the latest version. **Rolling with additional batch**: Similar to Rolling, but new instances are created with an updated application. **Immutable**: The updates which ensure that configuration changes that require replacing instances are applied efficiently and safely. **Blue/green**: New instances are deployed for replacement, and are updated with the latest application. An optional wait time is given for, testing. Once the process is completed the traffic is routed to the new instances. The older set of instances are later, updated or terminated if not used. [Need help? We are always happy to help you.](https://www.supportsages.com/) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fsmith_nevil_e30e0dd6ed.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Smith Nevil Smith is always ready to learn new technologies and explore new territories. His never-ending passion towards technological advancements, unyielding affinity to perfection and excitement in the exploration of new areas, help him to be on the top of everything he is involved with. He is currently working as System Engineer at SupportSages. [**Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server**![Acronis Backup Cloud on On-Premise Server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2F1_01_803de2d771.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/acronis-backup-cloud-on-on-premise-server) [**cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers**![cPanel: Find Duplicate Domains in Servers](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffind_duplicate_domains_in_servers_0674ecad6d.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/find-duplicate-domains-in-cpanel-servers) [**How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ?**![How to find DIMM errors and replace the faulty RAM ?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_find_dimm_errors_and_replace_the_faulty_ram_32768a474b.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors) - [server](https://www.supportsages.com/category/server) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/dimm-errors) [**How to take RDS Snapshots using Lambda?**![How to take RDS Snapshots using Lambda?](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhow_to_take_rds_snapshots_using_lambda_d675319598.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-take-rds-snapshots-using-lambda) - [Backup management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/backup-management) - [Sever management](https://www.supportsages.com/category/sever-management) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/how-to-take-rds-snapshots-using-lambda) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/aws-infrastructure-services#) ## Add Command to CageFS ## Add a command/binary to CageFS ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmanu_m_f4fffde23d.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Manu M. - 2 min read ![Add a command/binary to CageFS](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fadd_a_command_binary_to_cagefs_929badad06.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... Hello Pals, My new blog is about adding a command or binary in the CageFS. For those who doesn’t know what CageFS is, I will start with a small brief on that. **CageFS** CageFS is a term related to CloudLinux and it is a virtualized file system and a set of tools to contain each user in its own ‘cage’ (can relate to chroot in Linux). Each customer will have its own fully functional CageFS, with all the system files, tools, etc. So coming back to the topic, I will be adding FTP command to the CageFS. First, we can check the binary ‘FTP’ and see if it’s present in the server. ``` root@myserver [~]# ftp ftp> ``` Now that command is available on the server let’s see after switching to a normal user. ``` root@myserver [~]# su - manu manu@myserver [~]# ftp -bash: ftp: command not found ``` So its confirmed that the command “ftp” is not available to the users. Now we are going to add this to CageFS so that the command becomes available to users. You can add any RPM’s if they’re installed on the server. First, find the full path of the command using the ‘which’ command: ``` root@myserver [~]# which ftp /usr/bin/ftp ``` Once you have the full path, find out its package. ``` root@myserver [~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/ftp ftp-0.17-54.el6.x86_64 ``` Now let’s add the package/rpm to CageFS ``` root@myserver [~]# cagefsctl --addrpm ftp-0.17-54.el6.x86_64 ``` You need to update CageFS so that its added to every user’s cage. ``` root@myserver [~]# cagefsctl --force-update ``` Once the command is executed, switch to a user’s account and verify that command is available. ``` root@myserver [~]# su - manu manu@myserver [~]# ftp ftp> ``` That’s all and the command ftp will be available for the user now. Hope this blog was helpful. 🙂 [![Get 24/7 expert server management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2018/02/button-8.png)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fmanu_m_f4fffde23d.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Manu M. Manu has been with us for past one and half years and is a person with good technical skills and domain knowledge. Being a highly athletic personality, Manu likes to play Cricket and Badminton of all games whenever he gets time off. Apart from his technical and athletic abilities, he is a good writer and has tried his hands on penning a few poems of his own. He believes in the mantra that "small things matter the most" and this nature can also visible in his blogs and writings. [**Check inode availability for your server**![Check inode availability for your server](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fcheck_inode_availability_for_your_server_8ae29dae08.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/check-inode-availability-server-approved) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/check-inode-availability-server-approved) [**Enable password asterisk in Linux**![Enable password asterisk in Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fenable_password_asterisk_in_linux_2_1b3205cf7d.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/enable-password-asterisk-in-linux) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/enable-password-asterisk-in-linux) [**Hide php version information**![Hide php version information](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fhide_php_version_information_cf7014064f.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hide-php-version-information) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/hide-php-version-information) [**How to block IP’s using .htaccess**![How to block IP’s using .htaccess](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fblock_ips_using_htaccess_2_2feae64cc7.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/block-ips-using-htaccess) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Troubleshooting](https://www.supportsages.com/category/troubleshooting) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/block-ips-using-htaccess) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/add-commandbinary-cagefs#) ## Effective Customer Handling ## Effective Customer Handling. ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffaheem_ee9bf63187.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Faheem P. - 7 min read ![Effective Customer Handling.](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling) Generating audio, please wait... Customer service complaints are a part of the territory when you deal with the public. There are many reasons why you may receive a complaint;But as a server support company, in the final analysis, the reasons inevitably involve an unreasonable expectation of some sort or some type of miscommunication. Customer service issues can be successfully resolved if you employ the tips outlined in this article, which allows you to stop, look, listen then act with effective consequences. Stop and let the customer tell you in his or her own words the issue,as they perceive it. Observe the emotions and attitudes being exhibited as well as the environment and surrounding. Actively listen to understand and make the customer feel heard and respected. With these factors included in your mindset and thinking, you can proceed to act in effectively handling the problem, with the results being a satisfied loyal customer. Five tips to helping you bring successful resolution to customer service issues. \\* Actively Listen \\* Clarify to get understanding \\* Acknowledge something happen \\* Resolve it \\* Advance the relationship forward Listening allows you to understand the matter from the customer’s perspective, right or wrong. You get to share their thoughts, feeling, emotions and possibly have them even recommend a feasible resolution, without charge. In many cases this is all that is required to bring a successful resolution to some situations. There was a simply misunderstanding on someone part. The customer or sales associate allowed their emotions or irrational reasoning to guide their judgment, so tension was created or it somehow became personal verses staying in the business arena. It is now on your desk and you have to resolve it in the best interest of the customer and company. Treat your customers with respect; listening is an excellent example of showing your concern, compassion and respect. The customer will perceive that you and your company care when you take the time to listen to their concern. In some instances it will be a legitimate issue your company needs to address. In other cases, it maybe the wrong day, the wrong time, or the wrong people! Just like mixing fuel with flames, an accident waiting to happen. Listening to your customer gives them an opportunity to release some steam and get the heat off their chest. After the customer has had an opportunity to vent, it can become a no harm, no foul situation or let us just forgive and possibly forget, then move on with our lives! Learn from the experience as a business and company. Once a mutual solution is reached, everyone usually fells better for the experience. The act of listening will allow you to take inventory of the way you do business and possibly clear up some policies or procedures that are outdated or could be deemed confusing and/ or misleading. Clarifying the issues gives you an opportunity to understand the problem and factors that lead to the matter being an issue that requires your attention. Think about it for a moment, how or why would you fix something you didn’t know or think was wrong or broken. Investing time and patience to understand the problem and factors that created the problem is time well spent. This is your chance to right a wrong or lay the foundation for building a lifetime relationship. You need to be clear of the issues before you can intelligently act on the matter. Next, acknowledge there is an issue. This is not a time to point blame. It makes no difference whose fault it was. Something is broken! You have to fit it. If you haven’t acknowledged anything being wrong, why are you encouraged to correct anything? Point being, you would not be face to face or in a communication fist-ti-cuff (whether verbal or written) if everything was hunky-dory. There is a problem, and it needs your attention. Once you acknowledge it you can then determine what level of management to direct the matter for resolution. In many cases the customer will have already told you how they want to see the problem handled. As earlier stated, the matter could be as simple as one created by a misunderstanding in communications or an unreasonable expectations from the customer. A simple apology, shake hands and everyone walks away with the problem solved. I’m not an advocate of retaining all of my customers. A very small percent of customers in the marketplace are mean, rude. Some customers maintain a nothing will ever please them attitude. Others are intent on ripping you off from the moment they walk through your doors or click on your website. They only bought your product or service to use it and refund it, criminal behavior at it finest! This being said, the vast majority of customers are honest and reasonable people. Without them there would be no reason to be in business. Your mission statement should include existing, as a business to serve your customers wants needs and desires. This attitude will allow you to seek resolutions that are perceived as reasonable and equitable in your customer’s eyesight. It also allows you to maximize the revenue potential of the relationship and not get blinded by the glitter of pennies. Penny-wise and pound-foolish is not a good revenue model for long-term business success. Some customer relationships need to be ended before they begin. DBA, Dead Before Arrival. It is best for all parties if you never meet to do business. You don’t like them, they don’t like you, and it is not a good fit for either party. One excellent reason to end these toxic relationships early is they can literally suck your energy and time, which will take away creatively juices from other areas of your business. Look at the long-term impact to your company and make adjustments for the grief you will experience in accepting business from this category of customers. There are some dollars and some customers your business could do better without. The costs don’t justify the benefits. Then there are those times when you have to make a decision that is in the best interest of the customer, company and future business relationships. It is so very important to understand the lifetime value of your customer to be able to apply this last tip with sound judgment. It is a skill to knowing when to hold’em and when to fold’em Finally, remember it cost 5 - 10 times more to get a new customer than to retain an existing client. A server support company like ours doesn’t afford such a loss. A loyal customer is likely to refer others to your product or service for years to come. With that said, you can see why it would be logical to work to advance the relationship forward in successfully resolving customer service issues. The proof of the pudding is in the tasting; there was an issue, it got out of control and created a mess between your company and the client. You step up to the plate and make the client feel important, whole and respected. **Bonus points!** The client is happy and tells their friends and associates that your company has integrity and value their business. All because of five simple techniques that demonstrate you care: Listen, Clarify, Acknowledge, Resolve and Advance. **Bottom-line** Remember you are dealing with another human being. Somewhere there was a breakdown in communications or they failed to get what they expected. Either way, be willing to listen to them; understand the issues involved; recommend viable solutions that benefit all parties and work to move your relationship with the customer to an even higher level in your clients mind. Your customer’s perception is their reality, it must be changed or bad-will will continue to persist. The next time a customer complains, remember this could be a wonderful opportunity to make a new friend along with a loyal customer. - [Customer Care](https://www.supportsages.com/category/customer-care) - [General](https://www.supportsages.com/category/general) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Ffaheem_ee9bf63187.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Faheem P. Faheem enjoys learning new technologies and loves to implement cutting edge solutions. He is one of the most active member in various technical forums and is a familiar face in various brain storming sessions. He takes great pride in being an explorer and the best thing you can be sure about in his room is the backpack!! [**‘scp’ permission issue : simple fix!**![‘scp’ permission issue : simple fix!](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/scp-permission-issue-simple-fix) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/scp-permission-issue-simple-fix) [**Buggy wget again causing issues with Fantastico - Tells you installed, but fools you**![Buggy wget again causing issues with Fantastico - Tells you installed, but fools you](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/buggy-wget-again-causing-issues-with-fantastico-tells-you-installed-but-fools-you) - [cPanel](https://www.supportsages.com/category/cpanel-control-panel) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/buggy-wget-again-causing-issues-with-fantastico-tells-you-installed-but-fools-you) [**Chapter 10 Editing files in Linux.**![Chapter 10 Editing files in Linux.](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/chapter-10-editing-files-in-linux) - [Howtos](https://www.supportsages.com/category/howtos) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) - [Training](https://www.supportsages.com/category/training) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/chapter-10-editing-files-in-linux) [**Chapter 11 Basic Shell Scripting in Linux!**![Chapter 11 Basic Shell Scripting in Linux!](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/chapter-11-basic-shell-scripting-in-linux) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/chapter-11-basic-shell-scripting-in-linux) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [Privacy Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/privacy-policy) [Legal Terms](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) [Data Protection](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) [Cookie Policy](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/effective-customer-handeling#) ## Logging Terminal Sessions ## Logging The Terminal ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Falbert_2_2e9a022348.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Albert Reilly - 7 min read ![Logging The Terminal](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Flogging_the_terninal_cf797016e0.png&w=1920&q=75) Generating audio, please wait... There are cases when we want to record the command that we input into the terminal or even the output. In this case, we will use the history command and the script command. #### The script Command Consider a case when we need to record the terminal for submitting it to someone for auditing or later review. We will need to get both the input and the corresponding output of the terminal. In that case, we use the script command. According to the command manual, the script command is described as: script makes a typescript of everything displayed on your terminal. It is useful for students who need a hard-copy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the typescript file can be printed out later. **Script Command Common Usage:** Start the script session to a file. If filename is not specified, it uses the default one named typescript in the current path. To exit the session, type exit or press Ctrl + d. ``` script ``` ``` Input $ script typescript Script started, file is typescript $ exit Script done, file is typescript ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:14:09 AM IST $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:14:11 AM IST ``` Start a script session by appending to a file. The existing contents will not be overwritten. ``` script -a ``` ``` Input $ script typescript Script started, file is typescript $ #test123 $ exit Script done, file is typescript $ script -a typescript Script started, file is typescript $ #test456 $ exit Script done, file is typescript ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:16:47 AM IST $ #test123 $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:16:56 AM IST Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:17:00 AM IST $ #test456 $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:17:12 AM IST ``` While starting a script session, you will see a dialogue that the session has started. Using the -q option, you can hide this. However, this will be there in the typescript file. ``` script -q ``` ``` Input $ script -q typescript $ #test45 $ exit ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:20:47 AM IST $ #test45 $ exit Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:21:12 AM IST ``` You can record the typescript of a certain command rather than going to an interactive session. ``` script -c “” ``` ``` Input $ script -c "free -m" typescript Script started, file is typescript total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7865 4885 179 835 2799 1764 Swap: 7812 0 7812 Script done, file is typescript ``` ``` Output $ cat typescript Script started on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:28:07 AM IST total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7865 4885 179 835 2799 1764 Swap: 7812 0 7812 Script done on Sunday 11 August 2019 08:28:07 AM IST ``` There are certain cases where you need to get a real-time recording like running commands like top or htop. Then we use a timing file which stores the data timing. The output cannot be print using cat command instead, use scriptreplay. This will show you a replay similar to a video of the executed commands. ``` script --timing= ``` ``` scriptreplay -s -t ``` **The history Command** The history command helps us get the command input history. However, usually, common terminal history has a size of 500-1000 records. After this, the old ones are rewritten. You can find the current size from a terminal by issuing the below command. ``` $ echo $HISTSIZE ``` ``` $ echo $HISTSIZE 500 ``` You can set the size to a higher value if required. Another limitation is that you will only see the record number and command typed in the usual history output. You can tweak it to display the date and time as well using the below command. ``` $ HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T " ``` ``` Output $ history ... 11 11/08/19 09:36:49 HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T " 12 11/08/19 09:36:51 history ``` We have set an environmental variable, which can be changed when the session is logged out. So, to make it permanent, we export it to the bash startup files. ``` $ echo 'export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T "' >> ~/.bash_profile ``` We can regularly keep a log of the input command history by using the PROMPT\_COMMAND variable. The variable will be temporary, exporting it to bash startup files make it permanent. This will overcome the limitation of the HISTSIZE. ``` $ export PROMPT_COMMAND='if [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then echo "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S") $(pwd) $(history 1)" >> ~/logs/bash-history-$(date "+%Y-%m-%d").log; fi' ``` The contents of the variable PROMPT\_COMMAND are executed as a regular bash command just before Bash displays a prompt. Here, we first check if the user is root. If not root, then find the date, time, current working directory, and the current history and write to a log file under /home/username/logs/bash-history-date. You can tweak the line and enable it for the root also. #### Making Changes Permanent So far, we have gone through the common history command usage and script command usage. Now we can make those changes permanent in a production environment. For that, we will need to export and add some commands in the shell startup files. There are two types for interactive bash shells: login and non-login shell. We get a login shell when we first login to the system and that shell load the GUI we see. We can get to different login shell by using Ctrl + Alt + F1 to F6. F7 will get us back to the GUI. While we SSH into a system, we are on a login shell. A login shell loads the file ~/.bash\_profile first. So we add the lines there. ``` ~/.bash_profile #01.To log history daily to file under /home/username/logs/ export PROMPT_COMMAND='if [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then echo "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d.%H:%M:%S") $(pwd) $(history 1)" >> ~/logs/bash-history-$(date "+%Y-%m-%d").log; fi' #02.To see date and time on the command prompt export PS1='[\d] [\t] \u@\h:\w\$ ' #03.To start a script session by default when opening a login shell script -a ~/logs/script-file-$(date "+%Y-%m-%d").log ``` 01\. Is the history login that we discussed above. 02\. Is used to get the date and time on the command prompt so that we get an understanding when a command is entered. A sample output of this is: \[Sun Aug 11\] \[11:02:43\] user@system:~$ echo $PS1 \[\\d\] \[\\t\] \\u@\\h:\\w\\$ \[Sun Aug 11\] \[11:02:43\] user@system:~$ echo “Hello” Hello +PS1, PS2, …, PSn are the shell variables. \\d represents the date, \\t represents time in 24 Hrs (\\T for 12 Hrs time), \\u represents the username, \\h represents hostname, \\w the current working directory and \\$ gives # if the effective UID is 0, otherwise a $. 03\. Is to start a script session as soon as a login prompt is opened. This will help in recoding the activities after the login. Note: You can add the above 01 and 02 commands in a non-login shell at ~/.bash\_rc and it will give the same functionality. However, adding the script command (03) in the files gives an infinite script session running. To execute the command in the normal non-login shell, first make the shell login by following below for Linux terminal: Go to Edit > Profiles. Select your Default profile and click on Edit. Go into the “Title and Command” tab. Select “Run command as login shell” option. Click on Close button. To check if a prompt is a login or non-login, type the command echo $0. If “-” is the first character, then it is a login shell, else, non-login. ``` # echo $0 -bash # echo $0 bash ``` We have now managed to log the activities on a terminal session. **_SupportSages enjoys to be the most trusted support partner of various hosting companies through its profound technical competence and unparalleled customer service skills._** [![Server Management](https://wp-media.supportsages.com/uploads/2019/07/Server-Management.jpg)](https://www.supportsages.com/server-management-services/) - [Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/category/linux-operating-system) #### Looking for AWS Experts? We provide top-of-the-line custom AWS setup services tailored to your needs. close ![Author Profile](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Falbert_2_2e9a022348.png&w=256&q=75) ##### Posts by Albert Reilly Albert likes to explore and learn new things. He is hardworking, enthusiastic and is getting expertise in Linux administration, Networking and Security areas. He understands client requirements and is able to act accordingly. He has been working for 2 years with us. [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 1**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 1](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_36062566f6.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-5-2) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-5-2) [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 2**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 2](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_c2c2d37c13.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-2) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-2) [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 3**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 3](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_5952d92809.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-3) - [Apache](https://www.supportsages.com/category/apache) - [VPS](https://www.supportsages.com/category/vps-virtualization) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-3) [**Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 4**![Building up a WordPress website with AWS - PART 4](https://www.supportsages.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteapi.supportsages.com%2Fuploads%2Fbuilding_up_a_wordpress_website_with_aws_24051493de.png&w=640&q=75)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-4) - [WordPress](https://www.supportsages.com/category/wordpress) [![logo](https://www.supportsages.com/insights/redirect.svg)](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/build-wordpress-website-in-aws-platform-part-4) ### About+ - [About](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider) - [Certifications](https://www.supportsages.com/certifications) - [Life at Supportsages](https://www.supportsages.com/about-cloud-service-provider#lifeatss) - [Events](https://www.supportsages.com/events) - [Contact](https://www.supportsages.com/contact-supportsages) - [Careers](https://www.supportsages.com/careers) - [Blog](https://www.supportsages.com/blog) ### Hire a service+ - [Dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#dedicated) - [Quasi-dedicated Support Team](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#quasi-dedicated) - [Hire a DevOps Engineer](https://www.supportsages.com/hire-devops-engineer) - [Hire a Billing Support Staff](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Per-ticket Support Plan](https://www.supportsages.com/helpdesk-support#ticket-based) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [White Label Support](https://www.supportsages.com/white-label-support) ### Tech Stack+ - [Microsoft Azure Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [AWS Cloud Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Managed VPS Linux](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Managed VPS Windows](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [CentOS Expert](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) - [Hire a developer](https://www.supportsages.com/blog/logging-the-terminal#) ![SS](https://www.supportsages.com/home/ss-shape.svg) ## SupportSages * * * Copyright © 2008 - 2026 SupportSages Pvt Ltd. 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